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GENERAL TESTING 
METHODS and TABLES 
FOR MINERAL OILS 


COMPILED BY 

W. A. C. SCHLUETER 
1920 




2 



FOREWORD 


For the last five years a good deal has been accomplished 
in standardizing testing rules for mineral oils, and while all the 
methods of testing and tables contained in this booklet are not 
to be considered as strictly standard, they are, however, in gen¬ 
eral use by a great majority of the oil laboratories, and if the 
information contained in this book will lead to a better under¬ 
standing and real standardization the compiler will feel well 
repaid. 

Mr. Cornelius Kroll, General Superintendent, Mid-Co. Gaso¬ 
line Co., Mr. W. Espy, Chemist, Cosden & Co., Mr. Robt. P. In¬ 
gram, Superintendent, Phoenix Refining Co., Mr. Wm. Dietrich, 
General Superintendent, Producers & Refiners Corporation, C. J. 
Tagliabue, Brooklyn, N. Y., are the authorities who have been 
freely consulted and extensive use has been made of their records 
and the compiler wishes to express his appreciation for all of 
their valuable suggestions and corrections. 


W. A. C. SCHLUETER. 


February 14, 1920. 



3 


GRAVITY OF PETROLEUM OILS 

By the specific gravity of any fluid or solid is meant the 
relative weight of any volume' of it to the exact same volume of 
pure water at some standard temperature. The “gravity” of a 
liquid, is a term used by the oil trade to express either actual 
specific gravity, or, more generally, the “gravity” according to 
some arbitrary scale of measurement. For any particular 
value on these arbitrary scales, there is of course a definite spe¬ 
cific gravity equivalent. These corresponding values may be 
determined either by some formula or by a table of equivalents. 

The hydrometer is the instrument most conveniently used 
in determining the gravity of petroleum and its products. But 
it can be used only for liquids, while for the more viscous or 
semi- solid fluids it is advisable to use some other instrument. 

Hydrometers act according to the displacement principle, 
which means that they will float in a liquid at such a depth that 
the weight of the liquid displaced will equal the weight in the air 
of the hydrometer. Since the weight of the instrument itself 
does not change, it is evident that anything which may cause the 
weight of the liquid to change bulk for bulk, will effect the depth 
to which the hydrometer sinks in the fluid. If the liquid becomes 
lighter, it will require a larger bulk or volume of it to equal the 
weight of the hydrometer, which therefore, sinks deeper. If the 
liquid becomes heavier, less of it by volume will equal the weight 
of the hydrometer, which must then float higher. As is well 
known, heating causes a liquid to expand and cooling causes it 
to contract, so that it becomes lighter or heavier as the tem¬ 
perature changes, that is, its density changes inversely as the 
temperature. Hence, when a liquid is heated, a hydrometer 
sinks deeper into it, and when cooled, rises out of it. 

With the above facts in mind, it becomes necessary to com¬ 
pare all gravities at some standard temperature, whether de¬ 
termined by hydrometers or any other type of instrument. Hy¬ 
drometers are calibrated by floating them in liquids of known 
specific gravities or of definite composition, at the standard tem¬ 
perature chosen. The depth to which the instrument sinks is 
then conveniently marked off or indicated on the stem or 
“spindle.” The intervals between the marks are often further 


4 


subdivided. The scale may read either directly in specific graV' 
ity, or in some arbitrary system. 

If now, the hydrometer be used at any other than the stand¬ 
ard temperature, it will indicate a different gravity due to the 
change in density of the liquid. In order to be able to compare 
the oils, it is necessary to determine what the gravity of each 
particular one would be at the standard temperature. Tables 
have been constructed for petroleum oils showing their gravities 
based on this standard temperature. 


5 


DIRECTIONS FOR USING THE HYDROMETERS 
FOR TESTING THE GRAVITY OF PETROLEUM 
AND ITS PRODUCTS 

The hydrometer must be absolutely clean, to begin 
with, and should therefore be wiped thoroughly with a 
clean, soft, lintless rag before using. The jar should 
also be deep enough and wide enough to allow the hydro¬ 
meter to float freely—without touching sides or bottom. 

Insert the hydrometer by grasping same at the ex¬ 
treme end and above the scale portion (so that the in¬ 
dications will not be affected by moisture or grease on 
the stem from the hand) and be careful to let it sink of 
its own weight only. After the hydrometer has come 
to rest, carefully push it into the liquid to the extent of 
1-16 inch further and allow it to again come to rest; 
this procedure being for the purpose of facilitating the 
forming of the proper meniscus around the stem of the 
hydrometer by the oil. 

Then note the point on the scale which corresponds 
exactly with the level of the oil surface and do not use 
the top of the meniscus as the proper point. 

In the case of transparent oils or oil products it is 
easy to get the exact point by the following method: 
First observe the liquid within the jar from below the 
oil level so that the “mirror”, caused by the light re¬ 
flection of the top surface, is distinctly visible; then 
raise the eye slowly and observe how this mirror grad¬ 
ually disappears as the eye travels upward; just when 
the mirror is finally lost will then leave the eye exactly 
in the plane with the top of the surface and in position 
to take the exact reading. 

When the oil is opaque, however, the extent of the 
meniscus must be carefully measured with the eye and 
subtracted from the reading given by the top of the 
meniscus, so that the true reading given by the level of 
the main.body of oil is obtained. 

When the hydrometer is of combination form, the 
temperature indicated by the thermometer portion is 
next noted so that the necessary correction can be 





















6 


applied if the oil varies in temperature from that at which the 
hydrometer was standardized. 

It is essential, of course, that the temperature reading of 
the oil is not taken until the thermometer has had ample time to 
register the exact temperature. 

It is a well established fact that as oil expands and contracts 
when subjected to temperature changes it likewise becomes—bulk 
for bulk—lighter or heavier, consequently a correction must be 
employed if the temperature of the oil is above or below 60 de¬ 
grees F., which is the temperature for which all oil hydrometers 
are adjusted . 

This temperature correction can be made approximately by 
means of a combination hydrometer and exactly by using a 
manual issued for the purpose. 

On the left of the mercury tube of the thermometer within 
la combination hydrometer is the customary Fahrenheit temper¬ 
ature scale while on the right is a correction scale with certain 
figures that correspond to certain temperature degrees—these 
figures indicating the approximate amount of correction to be 
made to the gravity reading obtained by the Beaume scale of the 
hydrometer stem. As stated on this correction table, the figures 
above the red 0 are to be deducted from the gravity reading, 
while those below the 0 are added. 

Assuming the temperature reading to be 90° F. and the 
gravity reading 60° Be. the latter will have to be corrected, to get 
the actual gravity, by deducting the 3 (of the correction table) 
which is opposite the 90° F. of the thermometer scale—thus mak¬ 
ing the actual gravity 57° Be. Similarily, if the stem shows 60° 
Be. and the thermometer scale shows 40° F., the 2 opposite lat¬ 
ter figures must be added to the 60°—making the actual reading 
60° Be. gravity. However, whenever the thermometer shows 60° 
F., no correction need be applied to the gravity reading. 

The correction scale given on the thermometer of a combina¬ 
tion hydrometer is, however, only an approximation and if ex¬ 
actness is desired, the Tagliabue “Manual for Inspectors of Pe¬ 
troleum” must be used instead. This manual gives the correction 
figures, in l-10th of degrees Beaume, and is used universally, 
instead of the table given on the thermometer scale of combina¬ 
tion instruments. Using the same temperature and gravity 
figures given in the example previously mentioned, the actual 


7 


gravity as shown by the correct figures of the Manual are re¬ 
spectively 56.8° Be. and 62.3° Be., instead of 57 and 62 obtained 
by means of the approximate figures of the table within the 
hydrometer. 

In the case of a plain hydrometer (without thermometer 
combined with the instrument) the temperature of the oil must 
be ascertained with a separate thermometer and if the latter 
shows a temperature other than 60° F. the Manual must be con¬ 
sulted to obtain the actual gravity figures. 


CHANGE OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY WITH TEMPERATURE 

By the use of the constant for the co-efficient of expansion, 
it is also possible to calculate the specific gravity of a liquid at 
standard temperature conditions, and then by the use of con¬ 
version tables obtain the equivalent Beaume gravity. 

For oils this constant is usually assumed as 0.0006 per de¬ 
gree Centigrade above or below the standard temperature of 
15.56° C, and 0.00033-4 degrees F. above or below the standard of 
60° F. This correction is used as follows: 

Assume the specific gravity of oil is .9000 and that its actual 
temperature is 50° F. At 60° F. this oil would of course be less 
dense. Hence its specific gravity would be lower by the follow¬ 
ing amount: 

(60-50)x.000334 = .00334. 

Therefore: 

Specific gravity at 60° F. = .9000—.00334 = .88666. 

And from the Tagliabue conversion table: 

Tag. Beaume Grav. at 60° F.=28.1 Degrees. 

For temperatures above 60° F. the total correction must be 
added, below 60° the total correction must be subtracted from 
the value of the specific gravity at the observed temperature. 


BEAUMe gravity 

Determined by means of a delicate Beaume Hydrometer 
graduated in one-tenths degrees. 

Gravities are read at the temperature of the sample, cor¬ 
rected to 60° F. Tagliabue’s Manual for Inspectors of Petrol- 






8 


eum. The average correction to be added or subtracted from the 
Beaume Reading for each degree Fahrenheit below or above 60° 
F., varies with the gravity as follows: 

Beaume Gravity Average Correction 


10 

0.05 

20 

0.05 

25 

0.06 

30 

0.07 

35 

0.08 

40 

0.08 

45 

0.09 

50 

0.10 

55 

0.11 

60 

0.11 

65 

0.12 

70 

0.13 

75 

0.14 

80 

0.15 

85 

0.16 

90 

0.17 


In cases where extreme accuracy is required, the specific 
gravity is determined at 60° F. by means of a carefully calibrated 
picnometer and the Beaume Gravity is calculated from the for¬ 
mula adopted by Tagliabue. 

141.5 

Specific Gravity =- 

131.5+Be 

In this formula the value 141.5 is the so-called modulus for 
Tagliabue hydrometers. The U. S. Bureau of Standards recom¬ 
mends the modulus 140, according to which the hydrometers of 
some other manufacturers are calibrated. The relation between 
specific gravity and Beaume readings on this scale is then: 

140 

Specific Gravity =- 

130 + Be 

By equating the formulas for specific gravity, the relation 
between values on Tagliabue and U. S. B. S. scales may be ob¬ 
tained: 

141.5 140 


131.5 + Be (Tag.) 


130 + Be (U.S.B.S.) 






9 


Hence,— 

(1) —Tag. Be = 1.01071 XU.S.B.S. Be—0.1071 

(2) —U.S.B.S. Be = .9894 XTag. Be—0.106 

From these two formulas the following equivalents have 
been calculated: 


Tag 

U.S.B.S. 

U.S.B.S 

Tag 

10 

10.0000 

10 

10.0000 

15 

14.947 

15 

15.0535 

20 

19.894 

20 

20.1071 

25 

24.841 

25 

25.1606 

30 

29.788 

30 

30.2142 

35 

34.735 

35 

35.2677 

40 

39.682 

40 

40.3213 

45 

44.629 

45 

45.5890 

50 

49.576 

50 

50.4284 

55 

54.523 

55 

55.4819 

60 

59.470 

60 

60.5355 

65 

64.417 

65 

65.5890 

70 

69.364 

70 

70.6426 

75 

74.311 

75 

75.6961 

80 

79.258 

• 80 

80.7497 

85 

84.205 

85 

85.8032 

90 

.89.152 

90 

90.8568 

95 

94.099 

95 

95.9103 

100 

99.046 

100 

100.9639 


In other words, the Tagliabue Modulus gives a higher 
Beaume reading than the 140 Modulus for the same specific 
gravity. 


HUBBARD PICNOMETER 

In cases of viscous fluids and semi-solid bitumens and emul¬ 
sions, the Hubbard type of picnometer is used as follows: 

Weigh the dry, clean picnometer to the nearest .0001 gram, 
and then fill it with pure, distilled water, weighing again at 60° 
F. The difference between the two weights is the weight of 
water at 60° F. which the picnometer will hold. 

Now fill the dry, clean, instrument with the viscous fluid to 
be tested and weighed at 60° F. again getting the weight of con- 






10 


tents by difference. In this way is obtained the weights of equal 
volumes of water and the fluid at the standard temperature of 
60° F. 

Then,— 

Net weight of fluid 

Sp. Gr. =- 

Net weight of water 

The Hubbard picnometer may also be used for solid bitumens 
or such semi-solid fluids which are too viscous to flow through 
the capillary tube of the instrument at the standard temperature. 
The method of procedure, however, is somewhat different in this 
case: 

Find the net weight of water which the bottle holds at the 
standard temperature, then fill the dry, clean instrument about 
half full of the bitumen and weigh again at the standard tem¬ 
perature. Without disturbing the bitumen or thick fluid, fill the 
rest of the picnometer with distilled water and weigh as before. 
Then the difference in weight between the total water content 
of the bottle and weight of the water superimposed on the 
bitumen, is the weight of a volume of water equal to the volume 
of bitumen taken at the same temperature. Hence,— 

Let A = Net weight of water to fill picnometer 

B = Net weight of bitumen 

C = Net weight of bitumen plus the added water to fill 
bottle 

D = C—B = Net weight of added water. 

Therefore,— 

B 

Sp. Gr. at Standard Temperature =- 

A—D 

For semi-solid bitumens, the Sommer Hydrometer is also 
used. 

For solid bitumens, use the displacement method at 25° C. 
(77° F.) unless otherwise specified. 

The procedure is to get the weight of the substance in air, 
and then its weight in distilled water at 25 C. Then,— 

Weight in Air 

Sp. Gr. =- 


Weight in Air—Weight in Water 





11 


AND FIRE POINT OB 
HEAVY OILS 


FLASH 



(Open Cup) 

Flash Point:— 

The Cleveland Cup is used. A 
bath is supplied with this cup but 
it is not used by large laboratories. 
The cup is filled to about one-quar¬ 
ter inch from top and a thermom¬ 
eter, showing corrections for total 
immersion, is suspended so that the 
bulb is entirely immersed in the oil 
at the center of the cup without 

touching bottom. Heat is applied 
by means of a Bunsen burner, so 
that the temperature is raised at 
the rate of 10° F. a minute. As the 
flashing point is approached, a test 
is made for every rise of five de¬ 
grees by slowly passing the test 
flame across the cup horizontally 
near the thermometer. The test 
should be made in a place free from 
draughts. The test flame should be 
about 5mm. long and must not im¬ 
pinge directly upon the surface of 
the oil, for this causes local super¬ 
heating of the fluid and may give a 
false flash. The proper distance is 
about one quarter of an inch above 
the oil surface. 


It is also important to wipe the rim of the cup free of any 
adhering oil film, and above all, to completely remove the gaso¬ 
line usually used in cleaning the cup. 

Any variation in these conditions, either in the size or shape 
of the cup and rate of heating or the method of testing, may lead 
to an appreciable error. A test flame longer than 5mm. gives 





















12 


low results and a smaller one gives high results. The tempera¬ 
ture of the first flash is recorded as the flashing point and is re¬ 
ported in even 5° F. that is, 532 would be read 530 plus and*533 
would be read 535 minus. 

Burning Points:— 

After reaching the Flash Point the heating is continued at 
the same rate, and the test flame applied every 5° F. rise till the 
oil takes. fire and continues to burn. This temperature is re¬ 
corded as the Burning Point, or Fire Point of the oil. 

Note:—In determining the flash and fire point on light oils 
which can not be conveniently made with the Tagliabue Open 
Cup apparatus. (For example, an oil containing a small amount 
of very light product causing a flash at about 100° F. and a fire 
test around 300° F., the rise in temperature should be modified 
to 2° per minute from 100 to 200° F. and 5° per minute from 
200° to 300° F.) 


13 




FLASH AND FIRE POINT 
LIGHT OILS 
(Open Cup) 

The Tagliabue Improved Tester is used. A 
water bath is provided and should be kept near¬ 
ly the same -level as the oil to be tested in the 
cup. 

The cup is filled to about one-third of an inch 
from the top. Operation is the same as for 
heavy oils, except that the temperature is 
raised at the rate of two degrees per minute, 
and the test flame passed over the surface of 
the oil every four degrees on even numbers, for 
example:—100, 104, 108, 112, 116, 120, 124, etc. 
A watch must be used to time the rate of in¬ 
crease in temperature. 

To obtain the Fire Point continue heating as 
before until the oil ignites and continues to 
burn when the test flame is applied. 

The difference between the flash and fire 
should be fairly constant for straight run pro¬ 
duction at certain points as follows: 

Degrees Fahrenheit 

Flash Point from flash to fire 

100 20 


150 

200 

250 

300 

350 

400 

450 

500 

550 

600 


25 

30 

35 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 


There are of course, exceptions to this rule: 
—A very close cut will not have as great a 
difference between the flash and fire and a 
small addition of a lighter product will cause a greater dif¬ 
ference, 
































































14 


FLASH POINT 



TAGLIABUE “TAG” CLOSED 


TESTER 


General Directions: 

If gas is available, connect a. Vs" 
rubber tube to the corrugated gas 
connection on the oil cup cover. If 
no gas is available, unscrew the 
test flame burner-tip from the oil 
chamber on the cover, and insert a 
wick of cotton cord in the burner- 
tip and replace it. Put a small 
quantity of cotton waste in the oil 
chamber, and insert a small quan¬ 
tity of signal, sperm or lard oil in 
the chamber, light the wick and ad¬ 
just the flame, so that it is exact¬ 
ly the size of the small white bead 
mounted on the top of the tester. 

The test shall be performed in a 
dim light so as to see the flash 
plainly. 

Surround the tester on three sides 
with an inclosure to keep away 
draughts. (A shield about 18" 
square and 2 feet high, open in 
front, is satisfactory, but any safe 
precaution against all possible room draughts is acceptable. Tests 
made in a laboratory hood or near ventilators will give unreliable 
results). 


See that the tester sets firm and level. 


For accuracy, the flash-point thermometers, which are espec¬ 
ially designed for the instrument, should be used, as the position 
of the bulb of the thermometer in the oil cup is essential. 

Put the water-bath thermometer in place, and place a recep¬ 
tacle under the overflow spout to catch th© overflow. Fill the 
water bath with water at such a temperature that, when testing 

















15 


is started, the temperature of the water bath will be at least 10° 
C. below the probable flash point of the oil to be tested. 

Put the oil cup in place in the water bath. Measure 50cc. of 
the oil to be tested in a pipette or a graduate, and place in the 
oil cup. The temperature of the oil shall be at least 10° C. below 
its probable flash point when testing is started. Destroy any 
bubbles on the surface of the oil. Put on the cover, with flash¬ 
point thermometer in place and gas tube attached. Light the 
pilot light on the cover and adjust the flame to the size of the 
small white bead on the cover. 

Light and place the heating lamp, filled with alcohol, in the 
base of the tester and see that it is centrally located. Adjust the 
flame of the alcohol lamp so that the temperature of the oil in 
the cup rises at the rate of about 1° C. per minute, not faster 
than 1°.1° nor slower than 0.°.9° per minute. 

Record the barometric pressure which, in the absence of a 
laboratory instrument, may be obtained from the nearest Weath¬ 
er Bureau Station. 

Record the temperature of the oil sample at start. 

When the temperature of the oil reaches about 5 C. below 
the probable flash point of the oil, turn the knob on the cover so 
as to introduce the test flame into the cup, and turn it promptly 
back again. Do not let it snap back. The time consumed in 
turning the knob down cmd back should be about one full second , 
or the time required to pronounce distinctly the words “one- 
thousand-and-one.” 

Record the time of making the first introduction of the test 
flame. 

Record the temperature of the oil sample at the time of first 

test. 

Repeat the application of the test flame at every 0.5 C. rise 
in temperature of the oil until there is a flash of the oil within 
the cup. 

(Do not be misled by an enlargement of the test flame or 
formation halo around it when entered into the cup, or by slight 
flickering of the flame; the true flash consumes the gas in the top 
of the cup and causes a very slight explosion.) 




16 


Record the time at which the flash point is reached. 

Record the flash point. 

If the rise in temperature of the oil, from the*“time of mak¬ 
ing the first introduction of the test flame ’ to the “time at which 
the flash point is reached” was faster than 1.1° or slower than 
0.9° C. per minute, the test should be questioned, and the alcohol 
heating lamp adjusted so as to correct the rate of heating. It 
will be found that the wick of this lamp can be so accurately ad¬ 
justed as to give a uniform rate of rise in temperature of 1° C. 
per minute and remain so. 

Repeat Tests. 

It is not necessary to turn olf the test flame with the small 
regulating valve on the cover; leave it adjusted to give the prop¬ 
er size of flame. 

Having completed the preliminary test, remove the heating 
lamp, lift up the oil cup cover, and wipe off the thermometer 
bulb. Lift out the oil cup, and empty and carefully wipe it. 
Throw away all oil samples after once used in making a test. 

Pour cold water into the water bath, allowing it to over¬ 
flow into a receptacle, until the temperature of the water in the 
bath is lowered to 8° C. below the flash point of the oil, as shown 
by the previous test. (With cold water of nearly constant tem¬ 
perature, it will be found that a uniform amount will be required 
to. reduce the temperature of the water bath to the required 
point.) 

% 

Place the oil cup back in the bath and measure into it 50cc. 
charge of the fresh oil, put on the cover with its thermometer, 
and put in the heating. Destroy any bubbles on the surface of 
the oil, record the temperature of the oil, and proceed to repeat 
the test as described above. Introduce the test flame for the first 
time at a temperature of 5° C. below the flash point obtained on 
the previous test. 

Average Value of Flash Point. 

If two or more determinations agree within 0.5° C. the aver¬ 
age of these results, corrected for barometric pressure, shall be 
considered the flash point. If two determinations do not check 
within 0.5° C., a third determination shall be made and, if the 
maximum variation of the three tests is not greater than 1° C., 


17 


their average, after correcting for barometric pressure, shall be 
considered the flash point. 

Correction for Barometric Pressure. 

A correction table is furnished with each instrument, for 
converting the results of tests made at varying barometric pres¬ 
sures to equivalent temperatures ^ at the standard barometric 
pressure of 760 mm. 

Burning Point:— 

This is obtained on all closed cup testers by removal of their 
covers and continuing to heat the oil in the prescribed manner 
tiil it ignites and burns. 

Note:—The above has been approved by the American So¬ 
ciety for Testing Materials, adopted by the National Paint, Oil 
and Varnish Association, the Paint Manufacturers’ and National 
Varnish Manufacturers’ Associations, and standardized by the 
U. S. Bureau of Standards. It has also been adopted by the U. 
S. War Department for testing paint thinners. 


GENERAL REMARKS ON OPEN AND CLOSED CUP 

TESTERS 

The flash point of oils as determined by closed cup testers is 
lower than that found with open cup instruments of a similar 
type. This diiference may range from 5° to 40° C. and may be 
even greater with such oils as contain traces of easily inflamma¬ 
ble material( naphtha or kerosene), in some cases as much as 
140° C. and higher. This difference is due to the fact that the 
vapors evolved from mineral oils in open testers escape more 
easily and are more readily disturbed by draughts of air, than is 
the case with closed testers, which are open for only a very short 
time. The open cup instruments, as the Cleveland and the Tag- 
liabue tester,, with lamp oils, give results about 5° C. above the 
flash point, and with heavy lubricating oils the flash point may be 
25° C. higher than the flash point determined with the Abel- 
Pensky, Pensky-Martens, or other closed testers. 

Since the Burning Point must be determined in all closed 
testers with their covers removed, the results do not differ so 
markedly from those obtained with open testers, as is the case 
with the Flash Points. However, the difference is often consid- 



18 


erable, the heavy oils showing greater variations between open 
and closed cup results than do light oils. 


FLASH AND FIRE 

Abel-Pensky Closed Cup Tester for Light Oils 
Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester for Heavy Oils 

(Official Methods of U. S. Bureau of Mines.) 

These are the two instruments recommended by the govern¬ 
ment of the United States and also by several foreign govern¬ 
ments as most nearly meeting all the conditions for properly con¬ 
structed standard apparatus for flash and fire testing. 

Both testers have oil cups and other parts of like dimensions, 
and differ only in the shape and use of their baths. The Abel- 
Pensky bath filled with water or oil is used for oils flashing up 
60° C., and filled with petroleum cylinder oil or palmine oil 
(flash about 250° C.) is used for oils flashing between 60° C. and 
110° C. The Pensky-Martens tester has an air bath, and is em¬ 
ployed for oils flashing over 110° C. Both machines have the 
same type of cover, stirrer, overflow cup and mechanical devise 
for exposing the oil to the test flame for exactly one second. 
Standardized thermometers of the proper range are provided in 
each case. The ordinary instruments in common use differ from 
official instruments only in that the former are not provided with 
an overflow cup, and that in the Pensky-Martens, a line serves 
as a mark for filling instead of a projecting point as recom¬ 
mended. 

Testing should be done in a suitable work room. In testing 
lamp oils, a room temperature of 18° C. to 20° C. is desirable and 
the instrument should be well protected from all interfering air 
currents. The test flame and flash are best observed in a dim 
light. 


Method for Light Oils 
(Abel-Pensky Tester) 

Preliminary Test:— 

The approximate flash point of an oil should be first ascer¬ 
tained by a preliminary test by heating the sample so that the 
temperature will rise at the rate of 1° C. per minute, and ap¬ 
plying the test flame after each 5° C. rise until the halo appears, 




19 


and then each 1° rise until the flash occurs. The test should be 
carefully repeated in the following manner: 

Filling and Adjusting the Tester and Making the Test:— 

The sample and the oil cup must first be brought to a temper¬ 
ature of at least 10° C. below the approximate flash point of the 
oil, by standing the cup in an ice mixture if necessary, before 
the cup is adjusted in the bath. The lower edge of the overflow 
aperture is greased on its outer side to induce ready overflow 
when the oil expands. The clean, dry cup is then placed in the 
bath, the sample is run into the cup with the aid of a glass 
pipette until the filling point just appears under the surface as 
seen by light reflected from the surface of the oil. Care must 
be taken not to splash the oil to the sides of the cup, and not to 
have froth formed on the oil. All bubbles on the surface of the 
oil must be pricked with a heated wire. In case too much oil has 
been accidentally run into the cup, the cup must be emptied, 
washed clean with a good solvent, wiped dry, and a fresh filling 
made. After the filling has been correctly done, adjust the cover 
and thermometer immediately, light the test flame, and adjust it 
to the size of the ivory bead on the cover; that is, so that it will 
burn about 0.1 cubic foot of coal gas per hour. 

Allow the apparatus to stand 10 minutes, to give time for the 
oil vapors to accumulate, meanwhile stirring regularly and con¬ 
stantly at one revolution per second. Then light the gas flame 
below the bath and adjust to such a height, as determined by 
preliminary tests, that the temperature of the oil will rise at 
the rate of about 1° C. per minute. Warm to within 5° C. of the 
pre-determined flash point, and expose the test flame for exactly 
one second by means of the mechanism provided on the cover. 
Continue stirring and making the exposure at each 0.5° C. rise 
in the temperature until the flash occurs. Particular care must 
be taken that the cup is not subjected to drafts during the test 
and that the breathing of the operator is not allowed to inter¬ 
fere ,particularly at the moment the test flame is exposed to the 
vapors. It will be noted that when the oil is about 5° C. below 
the flash point, the test flame ,as it is exposed to the vapors, will 
be surrounded by a pale-blue halo, which gradually increases in 
intensity until a sudden inflammation, or gentle explosion, of the 
vapors or the “flash” occurs. The temperature at which this oc¬ 
curs, as registered by the thermometer in the oil, is the flash 
point- With fuel oil residues or with poorly refined oils from 


20 


which a small quantity of low flashing fractions is being contin¬ 
ually liberated, this halo '.nay first appear at a temperature as 
much as 30° C. below the flash point. 

The test should always be repeated with a fresh sample. 
Duplicate tests should agree within 0.5° C. The mean of two 
readings, if good agreements is nott d, corrected for barometric 
pressure, is considered the flash poii t of the oil. 

Burning Point:— 

This is the point at which the oil ignites and continues to 
burn. To determine the burning point, open the cover, continue 
the heating, and expose the test flame to the vapors in the same 
manner as when taking the flash point, until the oil ignites and 
continues to burn. 


METHOD FOR HEAVY OILS 
(Pensky-Martens Tester) 

With a few modifications the procedure with the Pensky- 
Martens closed cup tester for oils flashing above 110° C. (230° 
F.) is similar to that with the Abel-Pensky tester for light oils. 
Proceed as follows: 

Fill the oil cup to the line, put cover and thermometer in 
place, and start heating with the triple burner. Stirring should 
be begun at 100° C. From 120° on, the pilot light (a rape oil or 
gas flame) is made to dip into the air vapor space by turning the 
clock-work knob; this flame is dipped every 2° for exactly two 
seconds, and when the flame begins to lengthen (the “halo” ap¬ 
pears), it is made to approach every 1° till the inflammable mix¬ 
ture finally flashes. Sometimes in flashing, the light will be ex¬ 
tinguished; on being relighted and redipped into the air-gas mix¬ 
ture, this need not reflash at once since some time and heating 
are required to cause the collection of enough inflammable vapor. 
The observations should be made in subdued light. 

With constant stirring the temperature should rise to 
120° C. at the rate of 6° to 10° per minute, from 20° C. below the 
flash point, at a rate not over 4° to 6° per minute. If the flash 
point is under 120° C. (which is seldom the case with lubricating 
oils) the stirring should start at 80° and the pilot dipped from 
100° on. 

To ascertain the Burning Point, open the oil cup cover, and 
continue heating at the rate of 4° to 6° per minute, applying the 



21 


test flame every 2° rise in temperature until the oil ignites and 
continues to burn. 


CLOUI) AND COLD TESTS OF PETROLEUM OILS 

The oil to be tested should be clear and free from moisture; 
melting and filtering through paper is generally an effective way 
to eliminate any cloudiness. 

Into an ordinary 4-oz. sample bottle having a diameter of 
about 114" and a length of about bVz" pour the oil to a depth of 
about l 1 ^". This is approximately 45cc. of oil. Insert a stopper 
carrying a thermometer, located centrally in the bottle and so 
that its bulb reaches just below the surface of the oil. A special 
cold test thermometer is used, having a bulb about %" long. 

The bottle is slipped into a thin closely fitting metal jacket 
with a disc of cork ( 1 /4" thick) in the bottom, and the whole is 
imbedded in a cooling or freezing mixture. The jacket causes 
gradual cooling of the oil and prevents sudden chilling near the 
glass of the bottle. But the process is slow, and for rapid work 
the jacket is often dispensed with, merely wrapping the bottle in 
a few turns of paper, side and bottom, or for a still quicker test, 
placing the bottle directly in the refrigerating mixture. 

The freezing mixture for oils solidifying above 35° F., may 
be pounded ice; for temperatures below this and dow’n to 5° F., a 
mixture of 2 parts crushed ice and 1 part of salt; and from 5° F. 
to 25° F., equal parts of crushed ice and calcium chloride. 

Cloud Test 

Place the sample in the freezing mixture, and when the oil 
is near the estimated cloud point remove the bottle from its 
jacket at every drop of 1° F. in temperature, being careful not 
to disturb the oil by moving the thermometer. When the lower 
half of the oil becomes opaque through chilling, read the ther¬ 
mometer and call this the Cloud Point. 

• Cold Test 

Continue the cloud test, and at each drop in temperature of 
2° F., when near the suspected cold test, examine the contents 
of the bottle by tilting it very slightly to see whether the oil 
around the thermometer bulb is still fluid. When the solidifying 
oil no longer flows at the thermometer bulb, even when the bottle 
is held horizontally, the temperature is noted and reported as 
the Cold Test (Pour Test or Setting Point) of the oil. 



22 


Oils with cold tests under 45° F. should first be slowly cooled 
in water to about 50° F; before placing in the freezing mixture. 
Where the specifications call for a certain cold test, it is permis¬ 
sible to chill the sample to the required temperature and make 
observations on the behavior of the oil at that point. 

With oils having a cold test of higher than 45° F. as steam 
cylinder stocks and black oils, the process of testing is reversed. 
The samples are first chilled to about 30° F. in the freezing mix¬ 
ture and then placed in ice water (32° F.) until the oil shows the 
same temperature; then it is warmed in the water, the tempera¬ 
ture of which is kept 5° F. higher than that of the oil. The tem¬ 
perature at which the oil just flows is taken as its cold test. 

On all filtered cylinder stocks, start the cold test at 100° F.; 
all other samples are started at about 75° to 80° F., except in 
cases where it is known that the cold test is higher. All high 
cold test samples should be thoroughly melted. 


VISCOSITY 

General Remarks: 

The lubricating value of an oil is chiefly dependent on the 
property known as its viscosity, which varies inversely as its 
fluidity. A measure of the viscosity is obtained by permitting 
the oil to run through an orifice of standard size in an oil tube 
or container of specified dimensions ,and determining the time it 
takes for a definite amount of the oil at some praticular temper¬ 
ature to .run through the opening. The Viscosity is generally ex¬ 
pressed as the time in seconds for the efflux of the oil. The Spe¬ 
cific Viscosity is equal to the time of outflow for the oil, divided 
by the time of efflux for water from the same machine. Both the 
above values vary with different instruments. 

Various types of apparatus are in use, of which the Saybolt 
Standard Universal Viscosimeter and the Saybolt A Viscosimeter 
are extensively used in the United States, the Engler in Europe, 
and the Redwood in England. 

As a general rule light oils are tested at low temperatures, 
whereas the heavy, more viscous oils and bituminous materials 
require heating to render them more fluid and are therefore run 
at higher temperatures. The Saybolt A. Machine shall be run 
only at 70° F., while other viscosimeters may be run as required, 
the usual temperatures being as follows: 



23 


Saybolt Universal, at 100° F., 130° F., 212° F. and occas¬ 
ionally at 70° F. 

Eng-ler, at 20° C. (68° F.), 50° C. (122° F.), 100° C. 
(212° F.) 

Redwood, at 60° F., 130° F., 200° F. 

The temperatures at which the viscosities of the various 
kinds of oil are generally taken are the following: 

70° F. for light oils, gas oils, “straw oils,” engine oils, dyna¬ 
mo oils, auto oils, cottonseed oils and the like. 

100° F. for engine oils, machine oils, and occasionally for 
cylinder oils. 

130° F. for the heavier grades of the above oils, the so- 
called “black oils.” 

210° F., or 212° F. for cylinder oils, road oil, other heavy 
oils, and asphaltic fluxes. 

338° F. for asphalt, fluxes, paraffin wax and residues. 

The approximate factors for conversion of viscosities by the 
Saybolt Universal to other instruments are as follows: 


S, U. to.70° F. 100° F. 212° F. 338° F. 

Saybolt A.50 1.00 . . 

Engler .035 .030 .028 .027 

Redwood ...83 .85 .88 .90 

Tagliabue .....25 .28 .51 . 

MacMichael ..50 .55 .60 .65 


Note:—Saybolt A. Viscosimeter, while still in use is no long¬ 
er manufactured and is only referred to for general information. 


THE SAYBOLT STANDARD UNIVERSAL VISCOSIMETER 
General Remarks:— 

The Saybolt Viscosity of a lubricant is the time in seconds it 
takes for exactly 60cc. of the oil sample to run out of the stand¬ 
ard oil-tube through an orifice of specified size. Viscosities are 
usually determined at 100° F., 130° F. and 210° F. (or, 212° F.), 
the bath being held constant within 1 A° F. at such temperature 
as will maintain the desired temperature in the oil-tube. The 
bath liquid for oils run at 100° and 130° F. may be either oil or 
water, for tests at 210° F. (or 212° F.) and higher use a bath of 
pale engine oil of at least 350° F. flash point. It is often more 













24 



convenient and desirable at 212° F. to use boiling water as a 
bath, thus securing constant temperature regulation. If it is 
found that due to lowered barometric pressure the water boils 
below 212° F., its boiling temperature may be raised to exact¬ 
ly 212° F. by the addition of sufficient salt, sugar or glycerine. 
When such a solution is used, the evaporation of water tends to 
raise the boiling point above 212° F., so that a little fresh 
water should be added occasionally to make up the loss and 
bring the temperature back to 212° F. 

When using the electric hot point at 212° F., with water, it 
may be left in the bath throughout the run; but at other tempera¬ 
tures, or with oil baths, it must be withdrawn before starting the 
test to prevent overheating. With the source of heat removed, 
the bath would cool off during the run, hence to counteract the 
effect of the cooling, the test is started at a fraction of a degree 
higher than the standard temperature chosen. 































25 


. The Test 

In Making the Test, Proceed as Follows: 

See that the instrument is set up level. Heat the bath to the 
necessary temperature with an electric immersion heater. In 
working at 100° F. and 130° F., if the heating is two or three 
degrees higher, the bath will cool down to exactly the desired 
temperature when the test is started. When a water bath is 
used at 212° F., it is only necessary to keep it boiling. One 
or two thermometers stuck into the wells of the bath, serve 
to control its temperature. 

Rinse out the standard oil tube with gasoline, allowing it to 
drain dry and clean, and then follow by a washing with some of 
the oil to be tested, using the plunger provided to insure thor¬ 
ough cleaning. Then place the cork stopper in the lower end 
of the tubular air chamber which protects the orifice. The cork 
should not be inserted deeper than X A" so as not to touch the 
orifice, and should fit just firm enough to make an air-tight 
closure. 

Heat the oil to be tested, in a tin dipper, or a glass beaker, 
to a few degrees above the temperature at which the viscosity is 
be determined and pour it quickly into the standard oil tube 
until it floods into the overflow cup and rises a little above the 
rim of the tube proper. All oils introduced into the standard 
oil tube should first be strained, unless they appear perfectly 
clear. 

By means of the oil tube thermometer, keep the oil in the 
standard oil tube well stirred, and also stir the bath liquid by 
giving the turn table a smooth, quarter turn, a back and forth 
movement. This insures uniformity in temperature. The oil in 
the standard tube cools somewhat faster than the bath liquid, 
but by skillful manipulation both liquids may be brought at the 
same time to the required temperature for starting the test. 

When the temperature of the oil in the bath and in the stand¬ 
ard oil tube are as prescribed, withdraw the oil tube thermom¬ 
eter; quickly remove the surplus oil from overflow cup with the 
pipette so that the level of the oil in the gallery is below the 
level of the oil in the tube proper; place the 60cc. flask in posi¬ 
tion; immediately snap the cork from its position, and at the 
same time start the stop-watch. The flask should be placed so 
that the oil flows into it without making bubbles, which would 


26 


obscure the upper level of the liquid; a base board with a con¬ 
centric bored hole is provided for quickly locating the flask as 
mentioned. Removal of the surplus oil from the overflow cup 
insures a positive filling or starting head of oil in the standard 
tube. Stir the liquid in the bath during the run and carefully 
keep it at the proper temperature. 

Stop the watch when the bottom of the meniscus of the oil 
reaches the mark on the constricted neck of the receiving flask. 
For dark or black oils, the position of the meniscus must be esti¬ 
mated. The time in seconds for the delivery of 60cc. of the oil 
is its Saybolt Viscosity. 


SAYBOLT “A” VISCOSIMETER 

This instrument is used for light oils, at 70° F. only. Its 
construction and use are as follows: 

A cylinderical, brass oil tube (about 66cc. volume) with an 
overflow arrangement at the top and a glass sight-tube below, 
terminating in an orifice jet at the bottom, is mounted vertically 
in a water bath cylinder. The bottom is closed by a loose fitting 
cork stopper which does not touch the jet. Two windows placed 
on opposite sides of the water bath, permit a view through the 
sight-tube glass at the center and observation of the oil flow. 

Fill the bath with clean water and heat or cool it to approxi¬ 
mately 70° F. The oil to be tested at a temperature a few de¬ 
grees over 70° F., is then poured into the oil cup till it overflows. 
When the oil reaches 70° F. and the water bath has been ad¬ 
justed to exactly 70° F., quickly remove the excess oil in the over¬ 
flow gallery with a pipette, and pull out the cork stopper, catch¬ 
ing the outflowing oil in any convenient receptacle of 75cc., or 
more capacity. The end of the test is reached when the meniscus 
reaches the bottom of the sight-tube, as the last part of the oil 
flows out. The efflux of oil is timed by a stop-watch, and the 
viscosity is the time of flow in seconds. It will be noted that a 
measured amount of oil is not run out in this test; but it is per- 
missable and sometimes required to time the flow of 60cc. of tlm 
oil, in which case the sight-tube need not be watched. It is ad¬ 
visable to strain the oil through a fine sieve or bolting cloth, h 
fore passing it through the machine, thereby preventing any pos¬ 
sible clogging or obstruction of the orifice. This applies pa 
ticularly to the darker grades and opaque oils. 

Note:—This instrument is no longer manufactured. 



27 


SAYBOLT THERMO-VISCOMETER 

Directions:— 

1. The temperature of the room in which the tests are to be 
made must not be below 60° fahrenheit nor higher than 90° 
and all tests may be made at any temperature within this 
range. 

2. Having had the samples and instrument in the place where 
the test is to be made long enough to become nearly or 
quite to the temperature of the atmosphere of the place, fill 
perfectly clean or strained oil into the stand-glass having 
just room enough left for displacement by the instrument 
when immersed in the oil in the stand-glass. 

3. Hang the twin-tube thermo-viscometer in the stand-glass 
of oil leaving it there long enough with or without (as may 
be necessary) up and down motion until a constant temper¬ 
ature is assured. 

4. When the temperature is constant, attach the rubber tubing 
of the Wolf bottle to the long leg of the siphon and draw off 
the surplus oil down just to the upper scribe on the long cap¬ 
illary tube. The oil level and the upper scribe must always 
coincide when making a test, to preserve the same constant 
head-level for all tests. 

5. With the fore-finger closing the air hole in the bulb, gently 
and slowly press with thumb and middle finger until the 
capillary tube is entirely emptied, which same is indicated 
by a steady stream of ascending air bubbles up through the 
oil in the stand-glass. 

6. Having the watch in left hand and while the bubbles are 
. still steadily ascending, gently slip the fore-finger up and 

off the air hole in bulb (without the least release cf thumb 
and middlefinger until after fore-finger is off the air hole) 
and simultaneously start the watch. 

7. The oil will now ascend the capillary tube (which it must do 
without any break in the thread like column of oil.) Watch 
carefully its near approach to the lower (stop) scribe on 
capillary tube. With the eye on the level with this scribe 
and at the instant the top of the oil column in the capillary 
tube reaches this scribe, stop the watch, and read olf its 
record (the decimal of a second to count as a unit). Re- 


peat the operation three or more times to insure against 
personal error. 

8. For example the results may be, say at 80 J temperature: 

First trial 32.3 seconds 
Second trial 32.4 seconds 
Third trial 32.2 seconds 
Fourth trial 32.3 seconds 

Correct reading at 80° temperature equals 32.3 and reading 
as a whole number it is 323. Now refer to the Table of 
temperature corrections accompanying the instrument and 
under the heading “80” follow down the column until you 
reach the number that is nearest to 323, which we find is 
325. Now follow the horizontal column to the right until 
you reach under the heading “60” and find 400, which same 
is the result of the test of this oil on a basis of 60° temper¬ 
ature. 

9. Where the actual result obtained at any temperature above 
60° is exactly midway between two table readings use the 
larger of the two, thus: 

A similar oil to above example may have been tested at 66° 
temperature and given 369. 

We have on the table 367 and then 371, take the 371 and 
the oil will equal 400 at 60° temperature. 

10. CAUTIONARY. 

The adding of and removal from pressure at the bulb must 
be so gentle as to prevent the possibility of the column of 
oil in capillary tube being broken: should this occur, simply 
force the column slowly and start anew. 

Have the pressure bulb on the end of the capillary down to 
touching the hanger-plate. 

Care must be taken that no oil gets into the bulb. 

Should any particles of rubber be found on top of capillary 
they should be carefully cleaned off, and with gasoline if 
necessary. 

When not in use the instrument should be hung in empty 
stand-glass and covered to protect from dust. 

The uppermost (head-level) scribe must be exactly on level 
with the oil surface in the stand-glass, after the siphon has 
acted. 

If necessary to re-adjust the capillary tube, it may be done 
by carefully handling and manipulating the binding screws. 


29 


ENGLER VISCOSIMETER 
Testing of Road Oils 

There are several forms of Engler apparatus in use; they 
differ only in the particular means of heating for certain cases, 
but other dimensions are standard and unvariable. The recepta¬ 
cle for the oil to be tested, is a brass, round bottomed vessel, to 
the bottom of which is fitted an out-flow tube. This inner vessel 
is closed by a cover, through which passes a tapered, hardwood 
stopper for the orifice and a special thermometer for getting the 
temperature of the oil. The level of the oil is gauged by means 
of pointed metal projections at the same level on the inside of the 
oil cup, and up to these points the capacity of the vessel is 240cc. 

The brass jacket surrounding the oil cup may be filled to a 
suitable height, either with water or with some high flash oil, 
preferably cottonseed oil. This bath is heated by a ring gas 
burner which is attached to the tripod supporting the whole ap¬ 
paratus. Sometimes an agitating device for the bath is provided. 

The viscosity of fluid bituminous material may be determined 
at any suitable temperature on the Engler machine. With road 
oil, it is customary to compare all viscosity determinations with 
that of water at 77° F. using the same volume of both fluids and 
expressing the results as the specific viscosity or Engler degrees: 

Time in seconds for passage of giv¬ 
en volume of oil at A° F. 


Time in seconds for passage of 
same volume of water at 77° F 

Calibration:— 

Hence, it is necessary to first find the time of outflow for 
definite volumes of distilled water. The water should be recently 
boiled and cooled. The viscosimeter is thoroughly cleansed of 
all oil and grease by washing the oil cup and jet tube with ether, 
followed by alcohol and finally distilled water. A stopper which 
has not touched oil is then inserted and the cup filled with the 
distilled water till the projecting points just disappear beneath 
the surface of the liquid. The water should be at 77°F. and 
likewise the bath; then the plug is manipulated to allow just a 
single drop to appear and adhere to the orifice tube. A flask or 
graduated cylinder of suitable capacity is placed directly under 
the jet tube so that the outflowing liquid will not touch the sides. 


Specific Viscosity 
at A° F. 



30 


If now the temperature regulation is satisfactory, lift the stopper, 
and with a stop-watch determine the time required for both 50cc 
and lOOcc of distilled water to flow out. Then check results. 

The normal time for properly constructed machines is about 
11 seconds for 50 cubic centimeters and 22.8 seconds for lOOcc. 
The time for 200cc. should be between 50 and 52 seconds; but 
since this quantity of road material generally takes too long to 
run ,it is sufficient to know the water constant of the machine 
only for 50 and lOOcc. 

Testing Oils:— 

Road oils are tested at various temperatures, depending 
upon the consistency of the material and the use to which it is 
put. For all thin fluid products the specific viscosity is deter¬ 
mined at 77° F., using 50 or lOOcc. Thicker, more viscous ma¬ 
terials are run at 104° F. or 122° F., with 50cc., and very viscous 
products at 212° F. or over with 50cc. Other temperatures are 
also sometimes specified; but water at 77° F. is always the com¬ 
parative standard. Bituminous road material is manipulated 
in the same manner as water in the Engler viscosimeter. Hold 
the material at the desired temperature for at least three min¬ 
utes before starting the run, and keep the bath temperature 
constant during the test. 


COLOR (LUBRICATING OILS) 

Lovibond Tintometer 

Determined by means of a Lovibond Tintometer, using am¬ 
ber glasses of the series 500. The length of the cells used varies 
with the color of the samples as tested, as follows: 


Filtered Cylinder Oils. 14" cells 

Red Oils . 2 " cells 

Pale Oils and Scale Wax. v .:. 6 " cells 

Refined Wax .12 " cells 







31 


COLOR (LUBRICATING OILS) 

Union Colorimeter 

For determining color of Engine, Machinery and Cylinder 
Oils according to the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION STAND¬ 
ARDS, by comparisons with standard color glasses as follows: 

A—Cylinder Oil (EXTRA LIGHT FILTERED) 

D—Cylinder Oil (LIGHT FILTERED) 

E—Cylinder Oil (MEDUIM FILTERED) 

G—LILY WHITE.N. P. A. No. 1 

H—CREAM WHITE .N. P. A. No. iy 2 

I—EXTRA PALE .N. P. A. No. 2 

J—EXTRA LEMON PALE 

K—LEMON PALE .N. P. A. No. 3 

L—EXTRA ORANGE PALE 

M—ORANGE PALE .N. P. A. No. 4 

N—PALE 

O—LIGHT RED .N. P. A. No. 5 

P—DARK RED .N. P. A. No. 6 

Q—CLARET RED 


Method of Determining 

Lubricating Oils:—The color of Lubricating Oils is de¬ 
termined by placing a 4 oz. bottle of the oil under examination in 
one of the circular compartments of the instrument. In the op¬ 
posite compartment place a 4 oz. bottle of Water White Gaso¬ 
line or Distilled Water. Then place one of the standard glasses 
in the slot, and close the slide. Cloudy oils should first be filtered 
through paper. The instrument should be taken to a window 
where the observer looking through, can compare the color of the 
oil with the standard glass. 

Filtered Cylinder Oils:—To determine the color of Filtered 
Cylinder Oils, they must be first mixed with White Gasoline 
in the proportion of 15 per cent and 85 per cent Gasoline. Then 
proceed as described for determining color for Neutral Oils. 










The apparatus should be set at a window, so 
that a good light is reflected from the mirror, 
but not in the direct rays of the sun, and avoid 
the reflection of colored light toward* the in¬ 
strument from surrounding buildings, tanks or 
other objects. Before making a new test clean 
the tube with the oil to be tested, but where 
similar oils are tested in succession, it is only 
necessary to thoroughly drain the previous oil 
before filling with the next one. 

To determine the color shades most easily, the column of 
oil when nearing the point of coincidence with the standard glass 


COLOR 

The Say bolt Universal Chromometer 

(Gasoline and Kerosene) 

This instrument consists of two parallel, ver¬ 
tical, color comparison tubes of glass, one of 
which is graduated in inches and may be filled' 
with the oil to be tested, the other a plain tube 
at the bottom of which standard yellow, glass 
discs may be inserted. The oil may be drawn 
from its tube through a pet-cock, and by thus 
regulating the height of the oil column, its 
color may be matched with that of the standard 
glasses. Two like colored glass are used, either 
single or both together to get the whole range 
of color shades between below zero to plus 25. 
Each shade on this scale corresponds to a defi¬ 
nite height of coil column measured in inches. 
The two glasses shall be used up to and includ¬ 
ing + 15 color, and only one glass from + 16 
to + 25. 


discs, shall be lowered shade by shade by use of the pet cock, un¬ 


til a point is reached where it is questionable as to which is the 


darker or lighter shade. Then lower the column of oil one shade 


more, and if the oil column now shows positively whiter than the 









33 


standard disc, the color of the oil shall be one shade above this 
whiter point, or in other words, at the question point of difference 
between the oil and the glass disc. 


Color (Gasoline and Kerosene) 

The Saybolt Universal Chromometer Table for Determination of 

Color Shades of Refined Oil. 



Oil in Tube 

Color 

Oil in Tube 

Color 

USE ONE DISC 

20 inches 

25 

10-6/8 In. 

20 


18 inches 

24 

9-4/8 In. 

19 


16 inches 

23 

8-2/8 In. 

18 


14 inches 

22 

7-2/8 In. 

17 


12 inches 

21 

6-2/8 In. 

16 

USE TWO DISCS 

10-4/8 inches 

15 

4-4/8 In. 

0 


9-6/8 inches 

14 

4-2/8 In. — 

1 


9-0/8 inches 

13 

4-0/8 In. 

2 


8-2/8 inches 

12 

3-6/8 In. 

3 


7-6/8 inches 

11 

3-5/8 In. 

4 


7-2/8 inches 

10 

3-4/8 In. 

5 


6-6/8 inches 

9 

3-3/8 In. 

6 


6-4/8 inches 

8 

3-2/8 In. 

7 


6-2/8 inches 

7 

3-1/8 In. 

8 


6-0/8 inches 

6 

3-0/8 In. 

9 


5-6/8 inches 

5 




5-4/8 inches 

4 




5-2/8 inches 

3 




5-0/8 inches 

2 




4-6/8 inches 

+ 1 




It is evident that no oils are to be compared with one disc 
unless they positively show whiter at 10-4/8 with two discs. 

Moreover, a full tube (20 inches) of white oil shows whiter 
than one (1) disc, must rate + 25 and up (better than + 25.) 



34 


Example 


1 Disc 16 in. oil column .darker 

1 Disc 14 in. oil column .darker 

1 Disc 12 i(n. oil column .question 

1 Disc 10-6/8 in oil column.whiter 

OIL TO BE RATED + 21. 

Example 

2 Discs 8-2/8 in. oil column .darker 

2 Dis/Cs 7-6/8 in. oil column .darker 

2 Discs 7-2/8 in. oil column .question 

2 Discs 6-6/8 in. oil column .whiter 


OIL TO BE RATED + 10. 

In cases where there are no questionable points when the oil 
column has been lowered shade by shade, that is, where the oil 
column changes directly from darker to whiter, with no inter¬ 
vening question point, the color rating shall be at the point where 
the oil column showed whiter. Note the following examples: 


Example 

1 Disc 16 in. oil column .darker 

1 Disc 14 in. oil column .;.darker 

1 Disc 12 in. oil column .darker 

1 Disc 10-6/8 in. oil column.....whiter 

OIL TO BE RATED + 20. 

Example 

2 Discs 8-2/8 in. oil column .darker 

2 Discs 7-6/8 in. oil column .darker 

2 Discs 7-2/8 in. oil column .darker 

2 Discs 6-6/8 in. oil column .whiter 

OIL TO BE RATED + 9 


















35 


Color-(Gasoline and Kerosene) Lovibond Tintometer 

This instrument may also be used to determine the color of 
gasolines and kerosene. In this case an 18" cell is used, and 
the colors are designated as water white, superfine white, prime 
white and standard white, intermediate shades being determined 
by the aid of fractional glasses. If the fractional glass has to be 
placed on the side with the oil to make the colors match, the 
color is reported plus the fractional glass, and when it is placed 
with the standard shade, the color is taken as minus. Thus, W. 
W. — 3, W. W. and W. W. + 3 are increasingly paler shades in 
the order named. 

The color on the Lovibond Scale have the following equiva¬ 
lents on the Saybolt Chromometer scale: 

Crystal White—25 or better. 

Water White—21 to 25. 

Prime White—15 to 20. 

Standard White—12-13-14. 


36 


GASOLINE AND NAPHTHA DISTILLATION 

Government Method 
Motor Gasoline 

As Recommended by the Technical Sub-Committee on Standard¬ 
ization of Petroleum Specifications. 

QUALITY: Gasoline to be high grade, refined, and free 
from water and all impurities, and shall have a vapor tension not 
greater than 10 pounds per square inch at 100° F. temperature, 
same to be determined in accordance with the current “Rules and 



regulations for the transportation of expolsives and other dan¬ 
gerous articles by freight 5 ’—as issued by the Interstate Com¬ 
merce Commission. 

























INSPECTION: Before acceptance the gasoline will be 
inspected. Samples of each lot will be taken at random. These 
samples immediately after drawing will be retained in a clean, 
absolutely tight closed vessel qnd a sample for test taken from 
the mixture in this vessel directly into the test vessel. 

SPECIFICATIONS: 

(a) Boiling point must not be higher than 60° C. (140° F.) 

(b) Twenty per cent of the sample must distill below 105° 
C. (221° F.) 

(c) Fifty per cent must distill below 140° C. (284° F.) 

(d) Ninety per cent must distill below 190° C. (374° F.) 

(e) The end or dry point of distillation must not be higher 
than 225° C. (437° F.) 

(f) Not less than 95 per cent of the liquid will be recovered 
in the receiver from the distillation. 

TEST: One Hundred cubic centimeters will be taken as a 
test sample. The apparatus and methods of conducting the dis¬ 
tillation test shall be that adopted by the American Society for 
Testing Materials. 

APPARATUS 

Flask 

The flask used shall be the standard lOOce. Engler Flask, 
described in the various text books on petroleum. Dimensions 
are as follows: 

Dimensions of Flask: 


Dimensions Cms. Inches 

Diameter of Bulb. 6.5 2.56 

Internal Diameter of neck. 1.6 0.63 

Length of neck.15.0 5.91 

Length of vapor tube.10.0 3.94 

Diameter of vapor tube.... 0.6 0.24 


Position of vapor tube, 9 cm. (3.55 inches) above the sur¬ 
face of the gasoline when the flask contains its charge of lOOcc. 
The tube is approximately in the middle of the neck. The observ¬ 
ance of the prescribed dimensions is considered essential to the 
attainment of the uniformity of results. 

The flask shall be supported on a ring of asbestos haying a 
circular opening 114" in diameter; this means that only this lim¬ 
ited portion of the flask is to be heated. The use of wire gauze 
is forbidden. 








38 


Condenser 

The condenser shall consist of a thin walled tube of metal 
(brass or copper) V 2 ” internal diameter and 22" long. It shall 
be set at an angle of 75° from the perpendicular and shall be 
surrounded with a cooling jacket of the trough type. The lower 
end of the condenser shall be cut off at an acute angle and shall 
be curled down for a length of 3 inches. The condenser jacket 
shall be 15 inches long. 

Thermometer 

The thermometer shall be made of selected enamel-backed 
tubing having a diameter between 5.5 and 7 mm. The bulb shall 
be of Jena normal or Corning normal glass; its diameter shall 
be less than that of the stem and its length between 10 and 15 
mm. The total length of the thermometer should be approxi¬ 
mately 380 mm. The range shall cover 0° C. (32° F.) to 270° C. 
(518° F.) with the length of the graduated portion between the 
limit of 210 to 250 mm. The point marking the temperature 
of 35° C. (95° F.) shall not be less than 100 mm. nor more than 
120 mm. from the top of the bulb. For commercial use the ther¬ 
mometer should be graduated in the Fahrenheit scale. 

The scale shall be graduated for total immersion. The ac¬ 
curacy must be within about 0.5° C. The space above the menis¬ 
cus must be filled with an inert gas, such as nitrogen, and the 
stem and bulb must be thoroughly aged and annealed before be¬ 
ing graduated. 

Source of Heat in Gasoline Distillation 

The source of heat in distilling gasoline may be a gas burn¬ 
er, an alcohol lamp or an electric heater. 

PROCEDURE AND DETAILS OF MANIPULATION IN 
CONDUCTING DISTILLATION. 

1. If an electric heater is used it is started first to warm it. 

2. The Condenser box is filled with water containing a lib¬ 
eral portion of cracked ice. 

3. The charge of gasoline is measured into the clean, dry 
Engler Flask from a lOOcc. graduate. This graduate is used as 
a receiver for distillates without any drying. This procedure 
eliminates errors due to incorrect scaling of graduates and also 
avoids the creation of any apparent distillation loss due to the 
impossibility of draining the gasoline entirely from the graduate. 


39 


4. The above mentioned graduate is placed under the lower 
end of the condenser tube so that the latter extends downward 
below the top of the graduate at least 1 inch. The condenser 
tube should be so shaped and bent that the tip can touch the wall 
of the graduate on the side adjacent to the condenser box. This 
detail permits the distillate to run down the side of the graduate 
and avoids disturbance of the meniscus caused by the falling of 
drops. The graduate is moved occasionally to permit the opera¬ 
tor to ascertain that the speed of distillation is right, as indicated 
by the rate at which drops fall. The proper rate is from 4cc. to 
5cc. per minute; which is approximately two drops a second. The 
top of the graduate is covered preferably by several thicknesses 
of filter paper, the condenser tube passing through a snugly fit¬ 
ting opening. This minimizes evaporation losses due to circula¬ 
tion of air through the graduate and also excludes any water that 
may drip down the outside of the condenser tube on account of 
condensation on the ice-cooled condenser box. 

5. A boiling stone (a bit of unglazed porcelain or other 
porous material) is dropped into the gasoline in the Engler flask. 
The thermometer is equipped with a well-fitted cork and its bulb 
covered with a thin film of absorbent cotton (preferably the long- 
fibered variety sold for surgical dressings). The quantity of cot¬ 
ton used shall be not less than 0.05 gm. nor more than 0.10 gm. 
The thermometer is fitted into the flask with the bulb just below 
the lower level of the side neck opening. The flask is connected 
with the condenser tube. 

6. Heat must be so applied that the first drop of the gaso¬ 
line falls from the end of the condenser tube in not less than 5 or 
more than 10 minutes. The initial boiling point is the tempera¬ 
ture shown by the thermometer when the first drop falls from the 
end of the condenser tube into the graduate. The operator should 
not allow himself to be deceived as sometimes (if the condenser 
tube is not dried from a previous run) a drop will be obtained 
and it will be sometime before a second one falls; in this case 
the first drop should be ignored. The amount of heat is then 
increased so that the distillation proceeds at the rate of 4cc. to 
5cc. per minute. The thermometer is read as each of the selected 
percentage marks is reached. The maximum boiling point or dry 
point is determined by continuing the heating after the flask 
bottom has boiled dry until the column of mercury reaches a max¬ 
imum and then starts to recede consistently. 


40 


7. Distillation loss is determined as follows: The con¬ 
denser tube is allowed to drain for at least five minutes after 
heat is shut off and a final reading taken of the quantity of dis¬ 
tillate collected in the receiving graduate. The distillation flask 
is removed from the condenser and thoroughly cooled as soon as 
it can be handled. The condensed residue is poured into a small 
graduate or graduated test tube and its volume measured. The 
sum of its volume and the volume collected in the receiving 
graduate, subtracted from lOOcc. gives the figure for distillation 
loss. 

8. Tin containers shall be provided with screw cap not less 
than 1% inches in diameter, located in one corner of the top and 
screw cap vent not less than 14 inch in diameter located in the 
diagonally opposite corner of the top. 

9. Steel drums, tin containers and cases shall be plainly 
marked with the name of the manufacturers, the kind of gaso¬ 
line, order number and such other information as the buyer may 
direct. 


GASOLINE AND NAPHTHA DISTILLATION 
METHOD NO. 2 

The temperature distillation of gasoline and naphtha is made 
according to the method used by the Saybolt Department of the 
Standard Oil Company which is as follows: 

200cc. of the naphtha at room temperature, is charged into 
a 200cc. fractional distillation flask, with a side arm about the 
middle of the neck, a thermometer is inserted through a stopper 
so that the top of the bulb is on a level with the side tube. A 
very thin layer of sand is put on the bottom of the sand bath and 
a flask is placed on top of it and then filled up with sand to the 
level of the liquid contained in the flask. The side arm is con¬ 
nected to a'so-called “Saybolt Condenser,” which is cooled by ice 
water. The bath is heated by means of a Bunsen burner at such 
a rate that the first drop will leave the condenser in approxi¬ 
mately fifteen minutes. The temperature shown in the flask at 
this point is taken as the initial boiling point. The distillation is 
now run so that the naphtha will all distill over in twenty min¬ 
utes from the time of the initial boiling point. Readings of the 
distillate are taken at every 10 per cent off. The highest tem¬ 
perature attained by the last few drops when vaporized, but not 
in any way superheated, is taken as the final distilling point. 



41 


DISTILLATION TEST (STEAM) 

TO BE USED ON CRUDE OILS TO SHOW PERCENTAGE 

YIELDS 

Equipment 

The still used for this determination should hold at least 
6000 to 10,000 cubic centimeters. 

A larger amount would probably give more accurate results 
as the quantity taken for a test of the steam gravity would be a 
smaller percentage of the whole. 

However, 6000cc. is a very convenient amount to handle and 
requires a minimum amount of time for the determination. 

The still should be equipped with a thermometer placed so 
as to indicate the temperature of the contents. 

The vapors should pass to a %" straight condenser pipe 
seven feet long, • surrounded by cooling water. The condenser 
should not be made of bends or coils, as they are very liable to 
hold small amounts of the distillate; one straight pipe is best. 

Method 

The still is charged and connected to the condenser, first 
making sure that no heavy distillate from a previous distillation 
remains in the condenser. 

Place a gas flame under the still and raise the temperature 
at an average rate of 5 degrees F. per minute until the distilla¬ 
tion starts. Take the temperature at this point and record as the 
“Still in” temperature. 

Take the gravity of the first fifty cubic centimeters and 
record as the “Still in” gravity. 

The distillation is then continued at the rate of one percent 
every four minutes until the distillation is finished. 

At 300 F. temperature, superheated bottom steam is passed 
through the still; the amount of fire and steam being regulated to 
keep the distillate coming over at the rate of 14 percent every 
minute. 

First Cut 

All distillate over to 51 gravity on the stream represents 
Crude Naphtha and should be reported as the first cut. When 
fifty-one gravity on the stream is reached, the temperature 


42 


of the still should not exceed 350° F. Measure and take gravity 
of this cut, then keep separate from the following cuts until 
later. 

Second Cut 

All distillate from 51 to 40 Be. on the stream represents 
Kerosene distillate and is reported as the Second Cut. 

When forty gravity on the stream is reached, the tempera¬ 
ture in the still should not exceed 490° F. 

Measure and take gravity of the cut; keep separate until 
later. 

Third Cut 

All distillate from 40 Be. to 37 Be. on the stream represents 
Rerun Distillate and is reported as the Third Cut. 

When thirty-seven gravity on the stream is reached, the 
still temperature should not exceed 540° F. Add this to the 
second cut and hold Residue. 

Shut off fire and steam and allow the still to cool; then meas¬ 
ure the remaining residue and make all physical tests on it. 

Loss 

Add the percentage of the above cuts and residue ( then sub¬ 
tract from 100 per cent; this will give the per cent of loss. 

FINISHED PRODUCT 
Gas Oil From Rerun 

Place the combined 2nd and 3rd cuts in the still and run 
down dry (without steam) to 38 Be. gravity on the istream. 
Measure and take gravity of Residue and report as Gas Oil. 

Gasoline 

Add the distillate from the dry distillation of the 2nd and 3rd 
cuts to the 1st cut. 

Distill this mixture using steam and little or no fire and keep 
the temperature below 230° F. 

Continue distillation to 46 gravity on the stream. Then test 
distillate for final Distilling Point. 

This should be 460° F. or whatever the specifications for 
finished gasoline calls for. It has been found that the distillate 


43 


from Mid-Continent Crude will yield the 460° F. B. P. gasoline 
approximately when run to 46 gravity on the stream in this man¬ 
ner. Of course, a different stream gravity must be determined 
for different F. B. P. distillates. Report per cent gravity, initial 
and final Boiling Points on the gasoline. 

Kerosene 

The Residue which is left from the above steam distillation 
of the combined distillate from Rerun Distillate ana r irst Uui 
will represent Kerosene. Report percent, gravity, flash and fire 
tests on this cut. It has been found that when the gasoline cut 
reaches 460° F. B. P. the residue will show a fire test of 180° 
to 190° F. 

On each cut show percent ,gravity of cut, stream gravity 
and any other tests which can be conveniently made. It is im¬ 
portant to take the smallest possible amount of distillate for 
stream gravity; and the same amount should be used in all cases. 

Fifty cubic centimeters is a convenient amount. 


CRUDE OIL 

DRY DISTILLATION—SHORT METHOD 

To show per cent of gasoline and kerosene. 

Results obtained by the following method will show approxi¬ 
mately the same percents as by the steam distillation method 
previously given. 

The same still, as used for the steam distillation may be used 
for the dry distillation but a smaller still holding a charge of 
2000cc. requires less time, is more convenient to handle, gives 
approximately the same results, although not quite as accurate 
and may be used where only a small sample is obtainable. 

The gravity of the gasoline cut will be about one degree 
higher than by using steam. 

Method 

Charge the still with 2000cc. of Crude Oil. 

Start the fire and heat the charge at the rate of five degrees 
per minute, until the distillation starts. 

Take the temperature of the still when the first drop of dis¬ 
tillate comes over, as the “Still in” temperature. 



44 


Gravity of first 50cc. over is reported as “Still in” gravity, 
continue the distillation at the rate of 10 cubic centimeters or 
0.5 per cent per minute until the distillation is finished. 

First Cut 

The distillate from start to 48 gravity on the stream repre¬ 
sents the approximate amount of 460° final B. P. gasoline obtain¬ 
able by a steam distillation. 

Measure and test the above cut for gravity. 

Second Cut 

The distillate from 48 Be. to 39 Be. gravity of the stream 

represents the approximate amount of kerosene (180° fire test), 
as obtained by steam distillation. 

At the end of each of the above cuts, record the still tem¬ 
perature, stream gravity, gravity of cut and percent of distil¬ 
late. 


Residue 

When the gravity of the stream reaches 39 Be., cut off the 
fire and allow the still to cool. Measure and get physical tests 
of the residue. 

Loss 

The difference between combined percents of the above two 
cuts and the residue, subtracted from 100 per cent equals net loss. 


FLOC TESTS FOR BURNING OILS 
Kerosene 

Place 300cc .of the oil in a glass flask of about 500cc. capa¬ 
city, and suspend a thermometer in the oil by means of a cork 
slotted on the side. Place the flask and contents in a hemispher¬ 
ical iron dish containing a small layer of sand in the bottom. 
Heat the sand bath so that the oil reaches a temperature of 240° 
F. in one hour. Hold the oil at not less than 240° F., nor more 
than 250° F. for six (6) hours. The development of a flocculent 
precipitate indicates improper refining and poor burning qual¬ 
ities. 



45 


Mineral Seal Oil 

Proceed as above, but in this case heat the oil at a rate of 
10° F. to a temperature of 450° F. and hold it so for 15 minutes. 
Inspect for floe while hot and also one hour after cooling. 


HEATING SLUDGING TEST FOR TRANSFORMER OILS 

G. E. METHOD 

Pure oxygen is bubbled through lOOcc. of the oil in 200cc. 
Erlenmeyer flasks maintained at 120° C. (248° F.) for 70 hours. 
Partly immerse the flasks in a bath of cylinder oil, or melted 
paraffin, kept at about 130° C. The temperature is controlled by 
some convenient thermostat arrangement and is kept uniform 
throughout the bath by a stirrer operated by a motor. The gas 
should be passed into the oil in a constant stream of fine bub¬ 
bles, best obtained by introducing it through a glass tube drawn 
out to a capillary at its lower end. Over the end of the tube 
fasten a piece of clean, 60 mesh copper gauze (7 cm. long, by IV 2 
cm. wide) to facilitate the action of the oxygen. 

Remove the flasks at the end of exactly 70 hours, and while 
still hot pour contents into lOOcc. glass stoppered cylinders, tak¬ 
ing care to transfer all sediment. The cylinders are allowed to 
stand until cold, until no further precipitation is noted. Read 
the percent by volume of precipitate and also the percentage of 
evaporation of the oil during the test. 


HEAT TEST 

This test is mad© in order to ascertain whether the sample 
under investigation is acid treated or filtered oil. A 20cc. Erlen¬ 
meyer flask is filled half full of the oil to be tested and heated 
for ten (10) minutes at 320 J F. on a hot plate in comparison with 
a filtered sample of known origin and of approximately the same 
color. If the sample stands up well in comparison with the fil¬ 
tered sample, it is reported as '‘Indications filtered oil.” On the 
other hand, if it loses color rapidly under these conditions, it is 
reported "Indications acid treated oil.” 

EMULSION OR SLOP TEST 

40cc. of the oil in a four ounce sample bottle is shaken with 
an equal volume of water at ordinary temperature for one half 





46 


hour in a milk shaking machine, run by a motor making 600 revo¬ 
lutions per minute; the sample is allowed to stand until the next 
day; if the oil has been properly refined, the water should separ¬ 
ate clear and show only a trace of emulsified oil between the two 
layers. 

EMULSION TEST (Government Method) 

The test is the same as above, with the exception that the 
oil and water are heated to 180° F. and then agitated in the shak¬ 
ing machine for five minutes. Results are read after one hour. 

EMULSION TEST (New York Lubricating Co.) 

The oil and water are heated to 100-125°F., shake for 10 
minutes. Read the results after standing five minutes and again 
after one hour. 

EMULSIFICATION TEST 
U. S. Bureau of Standards-Method (1917) 

When an emulsion of oil and water is allowed to stand in a 
cylinderical vessel, there will usually appear, sooner or later, a 
fairly clear meniscus, between the emulsion and a layer above it, 
of oil which has separated out, and this meniscus will fall as the 
layer of oil increases in depth. Meanwhile, a second less distinct 
meniscus, separating the emulsion from the water below it, will 
work its way up from the bottom of the vessel. The lower menis¬ 
cus is often very indefinite, the emulsion forming a honey comb 
filled with water, and a slight jar may easily disturb the location 
of this meniscus. The upper layer of oil which settles out, is 
often cloudy and is,* in fact, an emulsion containing a small 
amount of water. But the oil meniscus is here sharper and more 
permanent and serves better for observations than the water 
meniscus. 

The Test 

The term “demulsibility,” that is, the resistance of an oil 
to emulsification, may be defined as the maximum rate of set¬ 
tling out of an oil from an emulsion, in cubic centimeters per 
hour, when the emulsion is made and the rate of settling is found 
as follows: 

Twenty (20) cubic centimeters of oil and 40cc. of distilled 
water are placed in a lOQcc. cylinder having an inside diameter 


47 


of 26 mm. and heated in a water bath at 55° C. (131° F.) The 
liquids are then stirred with a paddle for five minutes at a speed 
of 1500 r. p. m. The paddle is simply a metal plate 89x20x1.5 
mm., submerged in the oil. fastened to a vertical rod and rotated 
by means of a variable speed motor. A liquid tachometer may 
be used for observing the speed of rotation. 

The cylinder is allowed to stand for a time not exceeding 
one hour at a temperature of 55° C. and from each of the read¬ 
ings, taken as frequently as necessary, of the volume of oil set¬ 
tled out of the emulsion, there is calculated the average rate of 
settling between the time of stopping paddle and the time of ob¬ 
servation. The maximum rate of settling thus obtained, is called 
the demulsibility, and is used as measure of the resistance of the 
oil to emulsification. The maximum possible demulsibility is 
1200, as the first reading is taken one minute after stopping the 
paddle. 

The following table is an example of the data and calcula¬ 
tions made: 

Reading of cyl- Oil Settled Rate of 


Time since inderat upper out = 60— settling 

stopping paddle meniscus column (2) per hour 

cc. cc. 

5 minutes .52 8 96 

6 minutes .50 10 100 

7 minutes .47 13 112 

8 minutes .45 15 112 

9 minutes .44 16 107 


The maximum rate is here 112, and this is taken as a meas¬ 
ure of the resistance of the oil to emulsification or it demulsi¬ 
bility. The average rate at 6 minutes, for example, would be 
found as follows: 

50x60 

-= lOOcc. per hour = 100 demulsibility. 

6 








48 


EMULSIFICATION OF MINERAL LUBRICATING OILS 
(A. S. T. M.—1916) P. H. Conradson 

Steam generated in a 4 pt. copper retort, or a glass flask, 
is bubbled through the oil contained in 250cc. graduated glass 
cylinders of about 1%" inside diameter and about 12" in overall 
length. The cylinder is filled with distilled water up to the 20cc. 
mark, then lOOcc. of the oil to be tested are added. To churn 
the mixture, steam at ordinary pressure is conducted through 
this oil-water mixture for ten (10) minutes. Avoid splashing 
the liquid over the top of the cylinder, but run the steam in as 
rapid as practical. The churning period is begun from the time 
the temperature of the mixture has reached 200° F. or when 
steam as such passes off the mixture. 

When the churning is completed, the cylinder is immersed 
for one hour in a water bath, kept at 130° F. During this time 
the cylinder and its contents are momentarily inspected at inter¬ 
vals to note the behavior of the oil mixture. At the end of one 
hour the cylinder is removed from the water bath and its con¬ 
tents examined for the following: 

1. The number of cubic centimeters of separated clear or 
turbid water. 

2. The number of cc. of separated emulsified layer. 

3. The number of cc. of clear or turbid oil above the emul¬ 
sified layer, and 

4. The percentage of water or moisture in the separated 
oil above the emulsified layer. This may be determined by care¬ 
fully removing the oil layer, mixing 20cc. of it with 80cc. of 88° 
Be. gasoline in a graduated tube, and holding the mixture at a 
temperature not over 80° F. for one hour, or the water or watery 
liquid may be separated from the oil-gasoline mixture by means 
of a centrifuge. Of course, this is only necessary when the oil 
layer appears to contain an appreciable amount of water. 

The number of cubic centimeters of clear, or turbid oil above 
the emulsified layer, less the percentage of water or moisture 
contained in the oil, is the percentage of demulsibitity of the oil. 


49 


ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY 

Method No. 1 

lOcc. of distilled water is heated in a clear Jena test tube 
with a few drops of Phenolphthalein in order to make sure that 
no alkaline reaction is obtained from the soda in the glass. In 
case the test tube shows an alkaline reaction (Pink Colora¬ 
tion,) other tubes must be tested until a good one is obtained 
and the water containing the indicator remains colorless. An 
equal volume of the oil is added and the tube well shaken. A 
pink coloration either in the water or the oil shows the presence 
of alkalies. If a negative reaction is obtained, a new test is made 
using a few drops dilute methyl orange solution in place of Phen¬ 
olphthalein, a pink coloration shows the presence of mineral acid. 

Method No. 2 

Lacmoid is an indicator which is frequently employed to 
show the presence of inorganic acids in oils. A few drops of a 
V 2 % solution of this indicator in alcohol (50%), carefully neu¬ 
tralized, is employed as above. A reddish color develops with 
mineral acids. 

Method No. 3 

One of the most satisfactory indicators of acidity of oils is 
Congo Red test paper. This becomes a deep indigo blue with 
acids. Alkalies turn it a bright orange red again. The oil, if 
light colored may be tested directly, or if dark colored, shaken 
with a little distilled water and the aqueous extract tested. 

Acid Test for Gasolines and Light Oils—U. S. Government 

Method 

The residue from a regular distillation of these oils, is shak¬ 
en thoroughly with one cc. of distilled water, and the extract 
tested with a few drops of methyl orange solution. A red colora¬ 
tion indicates the presence of acids. 

Steam Test for Alkali 

This test is usually applied to lubricating oils. An ordinary 
quart milk bottle is filled about one-third full of oil, steam bub¬ 
bled through the oil for one hour, and the mixture then allowed 
to settle one hour. If the condensed water which separates is not 
clear the probabilities are that the oil contains caustic soda, 


50 


(such oils generally show a strong tendency to emulsify). The 
presence of alkali may then be ascertained by testing the con¬ 
densed water with phenolphthalein indicator. By starting with 
a weighed quantity of oil, the amount of alkali can be titrated 
with a standard acid. 

FATTY OILS 

Samples of unknown origin are tested for fatty or fixed oils 
qualitatively by the Lux-Ruhemann method as follows: 

5 to lOcc. of the oil to be tested is put into a dry tube and a 
small piece of metallic sodium is added and heated to the boiling 
point over a Bunsen burner. On allowing the sample to cool, the 
presence of saponifiable oil is indicated by the partial or complete 
gelatinization of the contents of the tube or by the appearance of 
a soapy froth on the surface. 

Experience has shown, however, that this method does not 
give satisfactory results when the compound contains unfiltered 
cylinder stock, which seems to prevent, in some cases, the gela¬ 
tinization. In such cases, determine the saponification value of 
the oil by regular analytical methods. 

Free Fatty Acid (Rapid Method) 

Solution required: 

1. N/4 Sodium Hydrate. 

2. Ethyl Alcohol (C. P.) 

Containing sufficient phenolphthalein to give a good color 
when slightly alkaline. Sufficient alkali is added to this solu¬ 
tion to turn it slightly pink. 


Method 

The fatty oil is heated to 125° F. and 8cc. from an 8cc. pip¬ 
ette is allowed to drain into a neutralized four (4) ounce bottle 
containing about 75cc. of Solution No. 2 which has also been 
heated to 125° F. 

This is thoroughly mixed and titrated with Solution No. 1, 
shaking well when the end point is reached. 

The number of cc. of solution of No. 1 used is the percentage 
of free acid. 

This method is rapid but cannot be relied upon to give re¬ 
sults closer than V 2 of 1%. 


51 


ASH TEST 

All samples of unknown origin are ashed in order to deter¬ 
mine the presence of soaps. In case they are found to be pres¬ 
ent, the usual methods (chemical) of separation are used. 

SULPHUR IN OILS 
Robinson’s Method 

This method is chiefly applicable to Burning Oils. 

Solutions required: 

No. 1. A dilute aqueous solution of Methyl Orange. 

No. 2. A solution of Sulphuric Acid, lcc. equal to 0.001 
grams of sulphur. 

No. 3. A solution of Sodium Carbonate equivalent to 
the Sulphuric Acid. 

About 5 or 6cc. of the oil to be examined are poured into the 
Erlenmeyer Flask, which is about 15 to 20cc. capacity and con¬ 
tains a wick passed through a glass tube which is held in place by 
a cork. The flask with a cork and wick is then weighed, the sec¬ 
ond decimal place being sufficiently accurate. It is then placed 
under the small tube which is connected with the absorption ap¬ 
paratus, one limb which contains broken glass rods, and into 
which 5cc. of the standard alkali solution has been run. The ab¬ 
sorption apparatus is connected with suction when all is in place. 
The suction is turned on and the wicks lighted. 

The flame should burn clear and white for perfect combus¬ 
tion, a yellow flame indicating too low a vacuum. It often hap¬ 
pens, after having regulated the flame that it changes to a smok- 
ey one, which makes the results valueless if continued. This con¬ 
dition is not always due to the flame being too large, but is 
caused by a decrease in the suction or vacuum. By carefully 
opening the pinch-clamp on the vacuum tube, the smoking will 
let up. 

The suction draws all the products of combustion through 
the absorption tube. The sulphur contained in the oil is all 
burned to S 0 2 and S CL, and is absorbed by the sodium carbon¬ 
ate solution. The oil is allowed to burn about thirty minutes until 
2 or 3 grams are consumed. The tube over the flame is rinsed 
into the absorption tube, a few drops of Methyl Orange added, 
and the excess of sodium carbon titrated with the standard sul¬ 
phuric acid, and the amount of sulphur calculated. 


52 


Glass beads should not be used as they are made of soft glass 
which is soluble enough to vitiate the analysis. 

This method does not give accurate results. For close work, 
it is better to burn the oil in a Bomb, or to use the method of 
Carius, which is oxidation with Fuming Nitric Acid in a heated 
sealed glass bomb. 


SULPHUR 

Determination by the Oxygen Calorimeter Bomb 

The sulphur content, of any combustible material, from light 
gasoline weighed in a tarred gelatine capsule to solid bitumens 
and cokes, can be readily and accurately determined by this meth¬ 
od. The substance is burned in any common type of calorimeter 
bomb, and the fuel value can be determined at the same time if 
desired. 

A portion of the sample, 0.7 to 1.0 gram, accurately weighed, 
is burned in the bomb containing lOcc. of water and oxygen under 
a pressure of 30 atmospheres. A lower pressure is liable to give 
inaccurate results. If the sample contains over 3% sulphur the 
bomb is allowed to stand in its water bath at least 15 minutes 
after ignition of the charge. With 5%, or more sulphur content, 
40 atmospheres pressure of oyxgen should be used. When using 
small sized bombs, reduce the amount of sample taken for com¬ 
bustion. 

After cooling in its bath, the bomb is opened and its con¬ 
tents are washed with pure, distilled water into a beaker. If 
the bomb has a lead washer, 5cc. of a saturated solution of so¬ 
dium carbonate is added to the beaker, the contents are heated to 
boiling, boiled 10 minutes and are then filtered. This operation 
is necessary to decompose any lead sulphate from the washer. 
The united washings are then filtered, acidified with hydrochloric 
acid, boiled to expel all carbonic acid, and the sulphuric acid con¬ 
tent is determined in the usual quantitative way with barium- 
chloride. From the amount of barium sulphate so found, the 
percentage of sulphur in the oil can be calculated. 


‘‘DOCTOR” TEST ON LIGHT OILS FOR SULPHUR 

The Doctor Test on light oils for sulphur is made to deter¬ 
mine the presence of certain types of decomposable sulphur com¬ 
pounds in gasoline and kerosene. It does not prove the actual 




53 


absence of sulphur, and, in fact, products that have been re¬ 
fined to pass this test are likely to contain a larger percentage 
of sulphur than before the treatment. But gasolines “sour” to 
the doctor test decompose in storage with the development of a 
yellow color and an offensive odor. 

The doctor test shall be conducted and interpreted as fol¬ 
lows: 

REAGENT:—Obtain pure flowers of sulphur. Prepare the 
sodium plumbite or doctor as follows: Place about one (1) 
pound of Litharge in three (3) gallons of 20 gravity Caustic 
Soda solution and blow with air or shake vigorously until the 
litharge is entirely taken up. Litharge is then added slowly and 
in small quantities till the caustic soda solution is saturated; 
blowing, stirring, or shaking with each addition. Allow to settle 
and pour or siphon off the clear liquid. If the solution fails to 
settle properly, it may be filtered through a mat of asbestos fibre 
or through several thicknesses of filter paper. The clear “Doc¬ 
tor” is now ready for use. 

TEST:—About one quarter ( 1 /4) ounce of “Doctor” is added 
to about one-half ( Y 2 ) ounce of oil and vigorously shaken in a 
regular 4 oz. sample bottle, stoppered with a clean cork. After 
shaking for about one-half minute, add a small pinch of the flow¬ 
ers of sulphur and shake again for about one-half minute. The 
free alkali extracts the sulphur so that it can be precipitated as 
the dark colored lead sulphide, and the flowers of sulphur simply 
starts and hastens this precipitation. 

If the gasoline is discolored, or if the sulphur film is so dark 
that its bright yellow color is noticeably masked the oil is to be 
condemned as “sour,” otherwise the oil is “sweet.” 


CORROSION AND GUMMING TEST FOR GASOLINE 
According to Oil and Lubrication Branch War Department, Office 
of the Director of Military Aeronautics, Washington 

The gasoline, when subjected to the following corrosion test, 
must show no black corrosion and no weighable amount of gum. 

Directions for making test.—The apparatus used in this 
test consists of a freshly polished hemispherical dish of spun cop¬ 
per, approximately ZV 2 ” in diameter. Fill this dish to within 
%" of the top with the gasoline to be examined and place the dish 
upon a steam bath. Leave the dish on the steam bath until all 



54 


volatile portions have disappeared. If the gasoline contains any 
dissolved elementary sulphur, the bottom of the dish will be 
blackened. If the gasoline contains undesirable gum-forming 
constituents, there will be a weighabie amount of gum deposited 
on the dish. Acid residues will show as gum in this test. 

Interpretation of results—Corrosion: It is specified that no 
black deposits shall be formed. This wording is intended to ad¬ 
mit gasolines that have so small a quantity of sulphur that the 
deposit is only gray or peacock colored. 

Gum. It is specified that there shall be no weighabie amount 
of gum. The intention is to refuse admittance to gasolines that 
show an amount that can be readily weighed in this style of dish. 


EVAPORATION TEST—FOR NAPHTHA 

A filter paper of the same texture and thickness as Schleich¬ 
er & Schuell’s No. 588 is folded so that the center of the paper 
may be dipped into the naphtha. The point of the paper is im¬ 
mersed in the sample, about one-half inch, so that there will be 
a spot in the center about an inch in diameter. 

The paper is then spread out on a table, in a place free from 
draughts of air, with the wet portion about an inch from the sur¬ 
face of the table. 

The naphtha is allowed to evaporate until the oily spot dis¬ 
appears; this is indicated by looking through the paper toward 
the light. Number of minutes required for this evaporation from 
the time of immersion until complete evaporation takes place is 
reported. 

Also report odor of paper after evaporation of naphtha and 
temperature of room at time of testing. 

The evaporation should require less than fifteen minutes and 
leave no strong odor after the test is completed. 

This is a practical test for naphtha used by the Dyers and 
Cleaners trade. 



55 


EVAPORATION TEST ON NAPHTHAS AND TURPENTINE 

SUBSTITUTES 

This is a quantitative determination of the percentage of 
residue by weight obtained by evaporation to dryness of the 50cc. 
of the sample measured into a tarred, dry, crystallizing dish and 
heated on a steam hot plate. Sometimes 50 grams of the mater¬ 
ial is weighed out, rather than measured by volume. Having 
found the actual weight of residue, the calculations on a volume 
and weight basis are as follows: 


% Residue by Weight 
(50cc. taken) 

% Residue by Weight 
(50 grams taken) 


Weight of Residue in Grams x 2 


Specific Gravity of the Naphtha 
Weight of Residue in Grams x 2 


16 DROP TEST 

To Be Used in Testing Turpentine Substitutes 

For this test obtain two watch crystals, or cover glasses of 
approximately the same curvature, diameter and depth. 

Into one of these cover glasses measure 16 drops of the sam¬ 
ple to be tested, and into the other glass measure the same 
amount of turpentine of known purity. 

Allow the two glasses containing the turpentine and substi¬ 
tute to stand in such a position to be free from draughts of air 
until they have completely evaporated. Measure the time re¬ 
quired for each to evaporate. The turpentine substitute should 
not require more than 50 percent longer to evaporate than pure 
turpentine. 




56 


CONRADSON CARBON TEST 
OF LUBRICANTS 

(U. S. Government Method) 

This test, called also the fixed carbon 
or coke test, gives some information as 
to the carbon residues from oils which 
must eventually vaporize or burn, such as 
superheated cylinder oils, air compressor 
oils and motor oils, but for a better idea 
of the carbonization taking place in an 
automobile cylinder, the Heat Test de¬ 
scribed elsewhere will indicate more ac¬ 
curately the actual carbon formation. 

The apparatus required and the pro¬ 
cedure in making the test are as follows: 

(A) Porcelain Crucible, wide form, 
completely glazed, about 25cc. capacity, 
46mm. in diameter. 

(B) Skidmore iron crucible; 45cc. 
(IV 2 oz.) capacity, 65mm. diameter, 37 
to 39mm. high with cover, without deliv¬ 
ery tubes and one opening closed. 

(C) Wrought iron crucible with cover, about 180cc. capacity, 
80mm. diameter, 58 to 60mm. high. A thin layer of sand placed 
in the bottom to bring the Skidmore crucible nearly flush with 
the top. 

(D) Triangle; pipe stem covered, knobs on its sides to al¬ 
low flame to reach all sides of the crucible. 

(E) Sheet iron or asbestos hood provided with a chimney 
about 2 to 2V 2 inches high and 2 Vs to 2*4 inches in diameter. 
This serves to distribute the heat uniformly. 

(F) Asbestos block; with large central opening into which 
the large crucible fits and rests on the triangle. The opening 
shall be amply large enough to permit the flame to play freely 
around the crucible. 

METHOD:—Put ten grams of the oil to be tested into the 
weighed porcelain crucible and place the latter in the Skidmore 
crucible. Place the Skidmore crucible in the exact center of the 






















57 


iron crucible and put on the covers of both crucibles. Set the 
apparatus up as indicated in illustration on page 56. 

Apply heat with a Bunsen or other suitable burner using a 
high flame around the large crucible. Continue heating intense¬ 
ly until oil vapors begin to ignite over the crucible. Then de¬ 
crease the heat so that the oil vapor (flame) comes off at a uni¬ 
form rate. The oil vapor flame should not extend over two 
inches above the top rim of the hood. After the vapor ceases to 
come off, increase the heat as at the start and maintain for five 
minutes, making the lower part of the iron crucible red hot. 

Shut off the heat and allow the apparatus to cool somewhat 
before uncovering the crucible. Remove the porcelain crucible, 
cool it in a desiccator and weigh. The increase in weight is the 
amount of carbon residue and is reported as percent of sample 
taken for test. 

Note: The entire process should be completed in about one- 
half hour when the heat is properly regulated. The time varies 
somewhat with the kind of oil tested, i. e. a very thin oil with a 
low flash-point will not take as long as a heavy thick oil with a 
high flash-point. 


58 


MELTING POINT OF PARAFFIN 
STEARIC AND OTHER CRYSTALLINE WAX 

(Saybolt’s Improved Apparatus) 

% 

In this apparatus, four removable, rectangular metal boxes 
are mounted on a carriage which may be given a limited back and 
forth movement. Into each box ,a wax test thermometer is sus¬ 
pended from the framework of the apparatus. 



Four samples may be tested at once, but a period of time 
should intervene between starting several samples, so that the 
critical points are not arrived at all at the same time, to the end 
that careful observation need be given to results of only one 
sample at a time. In case only a small amount of sample is 
available for testing, an extra small wax-holding box is pro- 











































59 


vided. However, it is limited to a shorter back and forth move¬ 
ment, by means of an adjustable stop on the bottom of the car. 

THE TEST 

Use any auxiliary metal cup for melting and heating the 
sample above the melting point (10 degrees above the melting 
point is sufficient). 

Pour the melted wax into the boxes so that they are about 
three-fourths (%) full. Now adjust the thermometers so that 
their scales face the operator and so that their bulbs are well 
covered with wax, but make sure that the bulbs are not in con¬ 
tact with either the sides or bottom of the metal boxes. 

Move the car back and forth as the mercury column is fall¬ 
ing. The movement of the car should not be so rapid as to un¬ 
cover the thermometer bulb. 

Watch the mercury as it falls (it is not necessary that the 
wax be looked at) and note the point at which after slowly fall¬ 
ing, the mercury stops still for about one minute, which point 
is the melting (or solidifying) point of the sample under exam¬ 
ination. 


MELTING POINT OF PARAFFIN WAX 
U. S. B. S. Method—1919 

Fit a 1x8 inch test tube through a cork into a wide mouth 
bottle of about 3 inches diameter and 8 inches long. The test 
tube should reach to about one inch from the bottom of the bot¬ 
tle and should just touch a layer of loose cotton. 

Melt the sample of paraffin, being careful not to heat more 
than about 25° F. above the melting point of the material. When 
completely fluid, pour the melted paraffin into the test-tube to a 
depth of three inches. Insert a special wax test thermometer, 
fitting it through a cork and placing it exactly in the center of 
the tube. The lower end of the thermometer should be one-half 
inch from the bottom of the test tube. The thermometer recom¬ 
mended by the government is one graduated to 0.1° F., with a 
range from 104° F. to 158° F.^and about 35 cm. long; but other 
suitable thermometers can be used. 

The apparatus is then kept in a warm place at about 100° F., 



60 


preferably in a drying oven where it may gradually cool and soli¬ 
dify. Readings of the thermometer are taken every minute till 
the wax is nearly solid. The melting point is considered the 
average of the three successive one minute readings, which are 
most nearly identical or during which the temperature remains 
constant. 

English Method 

Determined by the “English Method” which is in reality the 
solidifying point. A thermometer graduated in X A° F. is sus¬ 
pended in a cup about 2%" in diameter by 2" deep, containing 
the wax so that the bulb is just covered. The cup is connected 
with a device so that it can be given a rotary motion. 

The material is stirred in this way until it starts to solidify 
and the latent heat of fusion tends to keep the temperature con¬ 
stant for a short period of time, which point is taken as the 
English Melting Point. 

American Method 

What is known as the “American Test” gives results about 
three degrees higher than the English test and is determined as 
follows: 

A hemispherical cup SW in diameter is three quarters filled 
with melted wax, at a temperature about 10° F. above the esti¬ 
mated melting point. Suspend a special wax test thermometer, 
with a round bulb in diameter, so that its bulb is % immersed 
in the liquid at the center of the cup. Allow the wax to cool 
without stirring until a thin film forms on top and extends from 
the sides of the dish to the thermometer, note the temperature 
and report as the melting point. This temperature is also com¬ 
monly taken as the point at which three tiny crystals have formed 
near the thermometer bulb. 


PERCENTAGE OF OIL AND MOISTURE IN WAX 

The determination of oil in scale and slack wax is made by 
pressing a 500 grain (32.4 grams) sample at a temperature of 
60° F., between pieces of muslin cut to fit the test cup. The oil 
is absorbed by pieces of blotting paper placed above and below 
the cloth containing the wax in tl^e test cup. 

The cup and plunger are cooled to 57° F. before putting in 
the sample of wax. The wax is weighed out below 60° F. The 



61 


lever-press built by S. L. Moore & Sons Corporation of Eliza¬ 
beth, N. J., is one in general use in the country and has been 
adopted by the principal oil companies. The test cup and plunger 
are 5 %" in diameter. The lever is weighed so that a pressure 
of nine tons on the total surface is applied for five minutes. After 
pressing, the wax is carefully scraped from the muslin cloths, 
weighed and the loss in weight represents the percentage of Oil. 

Samples of Wax should be taken and kept, only in metal or 
glass container: Paper, cardboard and wood receptacles may 
absorb oil and moisture. Laboratory samples should weigh at 
least one pound. If the wax is dirty, melt it at a low heat in 
a narrow cylinder, allow the dirt to settle and pour the settled 
wax through a strainer into a clean porcelain dish, where it is 
allowed to cool and completely solidify. The whole of the solid 
cake so formed should then be pulverized or shredded in a meat 
chopping machine or by cutting with a knife. The resulting 
flakes are thoroughly stirred up and the required amount of sam¬ 
ple, taken from the loose, mixed mass. 


PARAFFIN CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS 
(Scale Paraffin) 

The distillation method is employed. 

One hundred (100) grams of crude oil are distilled rapidly 
from a six (6) ounce retort till the temperature of 300 degrees 
C. is reached. A weighed receiver is then put into position and 
all the oil rapidly driven over, without a condenser (and no ther¬ 
mometer) until the residue is dry coke: the weight of heavy oil 
distilled is determined. This heavy oil distillate is then analyzed 
for Paraffine content as follows: 

Treat five (5) grams of the well mixed distillate in a 2-oz. 
flask with 25cc. of ether (for anesthesia) and mix thoroughly to 
complete solution. Then add 25cc. of absolute alcohol (grain 
alcohol), mix again, and pack the flask in a freezing mixture of 
cracked ice and salt maintained at — 20 degrees C. (— 4 degrees 
F.) Hold at this temperature for about thirty (30) minutes; if 
any oily drops are still present, add a little more of a half and 
half mixture of ether-alcohol (cooled) till the oil is completely 
dissolved and only paraffin flakes are visible. 

Filter off the paraffin precipitate quickly by means of a 



62 


suction pump, using a funnel surrounded with a salt-ice cooling 
mixture (— 20 degrees C.) Use a hardened filter paper of about 
9cm. diameter. The freezing mixture reservoir may be made by 
using the cone of a large tin funnel inside of which the glass 
filtering funnel is placed with its stem through a one hole rubber 
stopper. 

Rinse and wash the precipitate with 1 to 1 ether-alcohol, 
cooled to — 20 degrees C. until free from oil; 50cc. of the wash 
solution is generally sufficient. When sucked dry, remove the 
filter paper and carefully scrape off the adhering paraffin scale 
into a weighed crystallizing dish and dry on a steam bath. The 
dish and contents should then be cooled in a desiccator and 
weighed. 

Weight of Paraffine Original 

-X % -= Paraffin Scale(% by weight) 

Distillate taken (grams) Distillate 

Although this method gives a good idea of the amount of 
scale wax (hard wax) present, it is not a very accurate deter¬ 
mination of the total paraffin content, for the soft paraffins are 
appreciably soluble in ether-alcohol mixture even at temperatures 
as low as — 20 degrees C. It should also be remembered that 
resinous bodies and certain asphaltic substances present in the 
material tested or formed during the distillation may be preci¬ 
pitated by the alcohol-ether mixture along with the paraffin. 
This is generally indicated by a brown discoloration of the par¬ 
affin and can only be eliminated by more refined methods of 
analysis. 


ESTIMATION OF PARAFFIN IN PETROLEUM 
RESIDUES, ASPHALTIC OILS AND ASPHALTS FLUXED 

WITH PARAFFIN OILS 

In these materials, the presence of tar, coloring matter and 
resinous bodies prevent the separation of the paraffin in a pure 
condition, and require modification of the ordinary method of de¬ 
terminating paraffin, as follows: 

Take 1, 2 or more grams of the substance to be examined 
anl cover it with lOOcc. of 88 degrees Be. naphtha in an Erlen- 
mcyer flask. The amount will depend on the amount of paraf- 





63 


fin present ana on the percentage of oil which remains after the 
preliminary treatment with naphtha and acid. 

The naptha is allowed to act on the substance over night. 
In this way the paraffin is largely separated from non-bitumin- 
ous bodies and from some of the asphaltic hydrocarbons insolu¬ 
ble in naphtha and precipitated by ether-alcohol . 

Next morning the solution is decanted through a prepared 
Gooch crucible. Wash the residue well wtih 88 degrees nahptha, 
and combine the solution and all washings. If desired, the resi¬ 
due, insoluble in naphtha, remaining on the asbestos felt, can be 
weighed and the amount of Soluble Bitumen determined by dif¬ 
ference. 

Place the naphtha solution in a separatory funnel and shape 
it with concentrated sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1. 84, until a fresh por¬ 
tion of acid is but slightly colored. Twice is generally sufficient. 
Draw off all acid, and wash the solution several times with water, 
then with a weak solution of carbonate of soda, again with water, 
and then recover the bitumen solution itself. The paraffin in 
this solution may now be determined by the method above de¬ 
scribed, or by the more accurate method of Holde. 


PARAFFIN WAX 

(The Amount of Paraffin—Holde Method) 

In the analysis of solid paraffin masses 0.5 to 1.0 gram of 
sample, in a test tube, is dissolved in ether, avoiding excess; the 
paraffin is precipitated from the solution at — 20 degrees C. by 
adding an equal volume of absolute alcohol (grain). If the mass 
becomes thick, add some l to l ether-alcohol to facilitate Alteration. 
The procedure and apparatus is as described above. Some par¬ 
affin is likely to go into the filtrate and must be recovered by 
evaporating the solvent and repetition of the process. 

This method gives only approximate results with soft par¬ 
affin, since they are still decidedly soluble in ether-alcohol at 
— 20 degrees C. If soft paraffin is present in a wax mass, it can 
be determined by the method of Holde, through fractional preci¬ 
pitation of the harder paraffine with 94% alcohol at + 20 de¬ 
grees C., as follows: 

Dissolve 2 grams of the paraffin (freed of stearic acid) in a 
cylinder with 20 to 30cc. of ether and precipitate with 30 to 40cc. 



64 


of alcohol at 20 degrees C. The amount and melting point of the 
precipitated paraffin and of the dissolved material is determined 
in the ordinary way. 


ACID HEAT TEST 

For Gasoline and Naphtha: This test is a modification 
of the Maumene value. Its object is to show in a rough way 
the amount of unsaturated hydro-carbons present. The test is 
made as follows: 

150cc. of the naphtha to be treated is brought up or cooled 
down to the temperature of the sulphuric acid which is to be 
used and which is generally at room temperature. 30cc. of the 
commercial 66 degrees acid is added to the 150cc. of naphtha in a 
dry bottle and shaken for two minutes, the rise in temperature 
at the end of this time in degrees F. is recorded as the acid heat 
test. Care must be exercised that the work is done in dry ap- * 
paratus. 


UNSATURATION TEST FOR GASOLINE 
U. S. B. S. Method (1919) 

Certain types of gasoline, particularly those derived from 
cracking processes, contain olefin and similar unsaturated hy¬ 
drocarbons. A simple test for determining the relative propor¬ 
tion of these constituents is furnished by the sulphuric acid ab¬ 
sorption method. The bureau recommends the following pro¬ 
cedure: 

Use a 6-inch, 9-gram, 50 per cent Babcock cream bottle. 
The neck of such a bottle is calibrated for a volume of approxi¬ 
mately 5cc. An ordinary 5cc. pipette can be regraduated to de¬ 
liver this quantity. The gasoline to be tested is measured by 
this special pipette into a clean, dry Babcock bottle, cooled by 
immersion in ice water, after which, carefully pour in about twice 
the volume (lOcc.) of ordinary, concentrated sulphuric acid. 
Close the bottle with a rubber stopper and shake the contents, 
first slowly, then vigorously with a rotary motion for several 
minutes. 

Gravity Separation: Add sulphuric acid to the contents of 
the bottle until the surface of the liquid is about level with the 
upper graduation on the neck of the bottle. Set aside over night. 




65 


The residual volume of gasoline is then read. The percentage of 
unsaturation is obtained by difference. 

Ceitfrifugal Separation:—Place the stoppered flask in a 
suitable centrifuge and spin for two or three minutes at 500 to 
1000 r. p. m. Sufficient acid is added to bring the level up to 
the lower graduation mark, and the bottle and its contents are 
ag*ain centrifuged to complete separation. Remove bottle and 
add acid up to the top mark, after which the residual volume of 
gasoline is read . 


OLEFIN HYDROCARBONS IN STRAW OIL 
By Product Coke Oven Corporation Method 

A special 100 to llOcc. graduated glass istoppered flask is 
used, having the lOOcc. mark at the lower end of the neck and 
the llOcc. mark at the upper end, with l/5cc. subdivision. The 
special sulphuric acid mixture used is made by mixing 1/3 fum¬ 
ing acid with 2/3 by volume of ordinary concentrated acid (66° 
Be. or better). 

Measure exactly lOcc. of the oil by means of a burette into 
the flask, add 25cc. of the acid mixture, shake thoroughly and let 
stand one hour. Then fill the flask to the llOcc. mark with ordin¬ 
ary cone, sulphuric acid, avoiding mixing the oil again with the 
acid by pouring it carefully against the walls of the neck of the 
flask. Let stand two hours. The amount of paraffins left is 
then noted, and subtracted from lOcc. gives the olefins in the 
oil. 


OLEFINS OR UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS AND 
REFINING LOSS IN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 

Egloff Method 

A regular lOcc. graduated glass stoppered mixing cylinder 
is used. Add exactly 5cc. of the oil to be tested to the cylinder 
and 2cc. of sulphuric acid of gravity 1.84. Shake thoroughly for 
5 minutes and place in a centrifuge and run at the rate of 1000 
r. p. m. for 5 minutes. The shrinkage of the oil in cubic centi¬ 
meters X 20 is the percentage of olefins by volume. 




66 


REFINING LOSS OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 

A 50cc. glass stoppered color tube that graduated in .lcc. is 
used. Place 45cc. of the oil in the tube and add exactly lcc. of 
66° Be. sulphuric acid. Shake thoroughly for about 15 minutes. 
Set vertically in a rack for at least one hour and preferably over 
night. The increase in volume of the acid at the bottom of the 
tube X 2-2/9 is the refining loss. The amount of acid used may 
be varied as required by conditions. 


SULPHURIC ACID ABSORPTION OF TRANSFORMER OILS 

Measure out accurately lOcc. of the oil with a burette or 
pipette into a lOOcc. graduated cylinder and add 20cc. of ordinary 
concentrated sulphuric acid. The two are stirred into an emul¬ 
sion for ten minutes by means of an emulsifier driven at 1500 
r. p. m. by an electric motor. The emulsion is immediately trans¬ 
ferred to a dry clean burette, washing out the cylinder with cone, 
sulphuric acid and adding the washings to the contents of the 
burette. After standing a sufficient length of time, the unab¬ 
sorbed oil all rises to the top, and its volume is noted when no 
further increase in volume takes place. The absorbed oil is cal¬ 
culated by difference. 


ASPHALT (Saturation Test) 

This is an arbitrary method. A brass ring (piece of brass 
pipe) V 2 " in diameter and V 2 " high, open at both ends, is filled 
with asphalt to be tested and allowed to cool. The excess of as¬ 
phalt is removed and the ring is placed in the center of a blotter 
card especially designed for this test. A scale is laid off on the 
card in mm., each mm. representing a saturation of five points. 
The card and ring are placed in an oven heated to 270° F. and 
subjected to this temperature for one-half hour; it is then re¬ 
moved and the distance of saturation is read off. 


PENETRATION TEST ON ASPHALT 

Determination by Dow Penetrometer. A two ounce flat bot¬ 
tom can is filled with the melted asphalt and allowed to cool. It 
is then placed in water at 77° F. for thirty minutes. Sample is 
then tested, the needle spring is released so that the pressure is 





67 


exerted for five seconds. The degree of penetration is read from 
the dial. 100 grams weight is used at this temperature. 

Make several trials with the needle, selecting points for each 
test not less than one centimeter from the side of the container 
and not less than one centimeter apart. Such tests should not 
differ by more than 4 points, and the average of from three to 
five trials is taken as the penetration of the sample. 

For penetration at 32 J F. a weight of 200 grams for one 
minute is generally used. 

For penetration at 100 and 115° F. a weight of 50 grams for 
five seconds is generally used. 

The above method of cooling and preparing the sample is 
generally used unless specified differently. 


BAKING TEST FOR ROAD OILS 

The apparatus commonly used is the Standard New York 
Testing Laboratory Oven, having a fan arrangement in the bot¬ 
tom for circulating the air and getting uniform heating. The fan 
should run at moderate speed. The temperature is noted on a 
thermometer placed through one of the openings in the cover, 
preferably near the sample tested, and reaching down almost to 
the top of the testing dish or pan. 

Weigh out 20 to 25 grams of the material into a weighed 
seamless aluminum pan 2-%" in diameter and 1" deep. The so- 
called milk dishes are generally used. Place the pan and its con¬ 
tents in the oven and heat to not over 500° F., keeping it at 
about this temperature throughout the test. Remove the sample 
every two or three hours, cool in water at 77° F.,, for one hour, 
and subject it to the penetration test of 100 gms. for 5 sceonds. 
When the sample has reached 100 penetration, note the time 
of heating and determine the percent loss in weight. For road 
oils the percentage of residue of 100 penetration should be from 
40% to 60%. 

VOLATILIZATION TEST FOR ROAD OILS 

The test is made to determine the percentage loss of the 
sample when 50 grams are heated in a standardized container at 
325° F. for five hours, and also noting any change in the char¬ 
acter of the material. The volatilization test is also frequently 
made at 221° F. for five hours and with products containing 



68 


small amounts of water, it is necesasry to first test at 221° F. 
and later at 325° F. so as to avoid foaming over. In the case of 
emulsions, a 20 gram sample is tested at room temperature for 
24 hours, then continue at 221° F. for five hours, and make all 
other determinations as required on the dried residue. Occas¬ 
ionally, a comparative test on the original sample is also made 
at 402° F. for five hours. 

The regular procedure at 325° F. is: 

The standard tin box, 5.5 cm. diameter and 3.5 cm. deep, 
is accurately weighed and in it are placed about 50 grams of the 
bituminous material, which should not vary more than 0.2 gram 
from the specified amount. 

A New York Testing Laboratory oven, or a Freas Electric 
oven with a revolving shelf is generally used. The oven has in¬ 
serted into it two thermometers, one whose bulb is immersed in 
some fluid, non volatile bitumen, the other kept in air at the same 
level. The first thermometer serves to show the temperature of 
the sample as tested, while the latter is .used to control the 
temperature of the oven. 

Place the weighed sample in the hot oven and leave it there 
for 5 hours at 325° F. holding this temperature within 2° F. on 
the air thermometer. Then remove the sample from the oven, 
allow to cool and reweigh to determine loss by volatilization. 
Also note appearance of residue, and obtain a relative idea as to 
hardening effect by making a penetration or a float test. Fre¬ 
quently the specific gravity and other tests on the residue are 
also required. All tests on the residue should be made after it 
has been melted and stirred while cooling. 

EVAPORATION TEST FOR ASPHALT 

Weigh out 50 grams of the material into a seamless, 3 oz. 
tin box (5 V 2 cm. diameter and 3M> cm. deep) and place in a New 
York Testing Laboratory Type of oven. The box should be 
placed on a %" asbestos pad. Heat within 5 degrees of 250° C. 
(488° F.) for 4 hours from the time the thermometer first reg¬ 
isters this temperature. At the end of this time, remove, weigh 
and determine percentage evaporation loss . 


69 


BITUMEN SOLUBLE IN CARBON BISULPHIDE 
Cold Extraction Method 

Weigh up about 1 gram of the bituminous product into a 
150cc. Erlenmeyer flask and cover it with about lOOcc. of Carbon 
Bisulphide; stopper the flask and shake vigorously till the ma¬ 
terial is well disintegrated, then set aside, tightly corked,-for a 
few hours, to affect complete solution of the asphalt. Filter this 
solution through a previously prepared, dried at 220° F., and 
weighed Gooch crucible, U. S. P. vacuum Alteration. Rinse out the 
flask, as thoroughly as possible with several portions of the fresh 
solvent, pouring them through the Gooch and then wash the ma¬ 
terial on the filter with carbon bisulphide until the filterate is no 
longer discolored by the bituminous material. Avoid undue dis¬ 
turbance of the filter pad. Dry the crucible and contents as well 
as possible by sucking air through it, and than continue the dry¬ 
ing at 220° F. in an electric oven, until a constant weight is ob¬ 
tained. The increase in weight represents the insoluble residue, 
and this weight subtracted from the weight of sample is report¬ 
ed as the amount Total Soluble Bitumen in the product. 

General Remarks on Extractions: 

All petroleum hydrocarbons, and practically every consti¬ 
tuent of natural asphalts and of artificial pitches, are soluble in 
carbon bisulphide. To a somewhat less extent these compounds 
are also soluble in benzol and chloroform, while ether, acetone, 
carbon tetrachloride and absolute alcohol are solvents only for 
certain types of these products. 

The solvent action of the petroleum hydrocarbons themselves 
on petroleum and asphalt products varies greatly, according to 
the source of the solvent, its chemical nature and its application. 
Naphthas and gasolines are generally used in testing, and of 
course, the character of these substances will depend largely 
upon the crude oil from which they are produced and the method 
of refining. Those derived from asphaltic crudes and from crack¬ 
ing processes, containing large amounts of unsaturated and poly¬ 
methylene hydrocarbons, will dissolve the heavier asphaltic hy¬ 
drocarbons much more readily than the paraffin in naphthas. 

Heat will accelerate and increase the action of any of these 
solvents ,while sunlight and oxidation in some cases decrease the 
solubility of asphaltic substances. Hence, for comparable re- 


70 


suits, it is important to know the exact nature of the solvent 
used and the particular method of analysis. 

Extreme care should be exercised in handling and using car¬ 
bon bisulphide, which is a very volatile liquid, easily inflammable 
and the vapors form dangerously explosive mixtures with air. 
Do not use it any where near an open flame, or even an electric 
hot plate. It is best heated by steam from a boiling water bath 
in which is placed a closed steam coil. 

The solvents commonly used and the constituent extracted 
or determined by them are as follows: 


Carbon Bisulphide: 
CS 2 


f Naphthas 
| Benzine or 
[ Petroleum Ether 


Total Soluble Bitumen = Extract. (In¬ 
cludes Asphaltines, Petrolenes, Car- 
benes, etc.) 

Residue = Inorganic matter and certain 
Organic Compounds. 

Petrolenes = Extract minus residue 

from CS 2 extraction. 


Carbon Tetrachloride: 
CCE 4 

Benzol (Benzene): 


Chloroform: 

CH 3 Cx 

Ether (Ethyl Ether): 
C 2 H 5 0. C 2 H 5 

Acetone: 

(CH 3 ) 2 CO 

Alcohol (absolute): 

c 2 h 5 oh 


Carbenes=CS 2 extract minus CCE 4 
extract. 

Extracts almost all Bitumens . 
Extracts particular types of Bitumens 
Extracts particular types of Bitumens 
Extracts particular types of Bitumens 
Extracts particular types of Bitumens 


PETROLENES AND ASPHALTENES 
Cold Extraction Method 

The procedure is quite similar to that for bitumen soluble 
m CS 2 , but here the solvent is Petroleum Ether. The latter is a 
68 to 88° Be. gasoline; one of 86° or 88° Be. distilling between 



71 


100° and 150° F. is commonly used. So called “Normal Benzine” 
is also sometimes specified with a gravity of 69° to 72° Be. and 
boiling limits 150° to 200° F. These gasolines should be made 
from a very light naphtha by treating it with concentrated sul¬ 
phuric acid to remove unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, 
neutralizing and the distilling off the proper fraction. The result¬ 
ing liquids show less than 2% soluble in a mixture of concentrate 
and fuming sulphuric acids. 

The method of testing the asphaltic product is as follows:— 

Weigh up about one (1) gram of the oil or asphalt into a 150 
cc. Erlenmeyer flask. Add exactly lOOcc. of the 88° Be. Petroleum 
Ether (Petroleum Naphtha), stopper the flask with a cork, and 
shake vigorously until the material is well disintegrated. Let 
stand at least 5 hours and preferably over night, with the flask 
tightly corked. 

Pour the contents of the flask through an ignited and 
weighed Gooch crucible, prepared as described above for total 
bitumen. Drain the flask thoroughly and rinse it out with lOOcc. 
of the 88° Petroleum Ether so that the last of the naphtha runs 
clear and practically colorless. Draw air through the Gooch to 
partly dry the residue and then place it in a drying oven at 220° 
F. for V 2 hour. Weigh the crucible and contents, then ignite over 
a hot bunsen flame, and weigh again. The difference between 
the two weighings is the Asphaltenes, or constituents of the 
sample insoluble in Petroleum Ether. The increase in weight, if 
any, of the ignited crucible over its original weight, represents 
the Inorganic matter in the sample. The combined weights of 
the Asphaltenes and the Inorganic Matter subtracted from the 
weight of sample analyzed, gives the weight of Petrolenes, or 
the solubility in petroleum naphtha. 


TOTAL BITUMEN, ASPHALTENES AND PETROLENES 

Hot Extractions Method 

In these determinations one or more grams of the asphaltic 
product is weighed into a dried, tarred paper or alundum thimble 
which is placed in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus and extracted 
with Carbon Bisulphide or with Petroleum Ether, as the case 
may be. Where the material is quite fluid, it is best to first 
weigh several grams of it in a small weighing bottle, and then 



72 


carefully pour out approximately one gram of it directly into the 
extraction thimble which should be held over the open Soxhlet 
extraction tube. Reweigh the bottle and get the weight of sam¬ 
ple taken by difference. Paper thimbles should never be heated 
above 250° F., for they are likely to char and change in weight, 
but alundum tubes may be heated to any temperature, even ig¬ 
nited, and will stand drastic treatment with strong acids. More¬ 
over, the latter are more easily brought to constant weight by 
drying. 

Total Soluble Bitumen: 

Weigh about one gram of asphaltic material into an 
alundum thimble which has been previously dried at 350° F. 
in an electric oven and then quickly weighed. Place thimble and 
contents in a Soxhlet apparatus and extract with carbon bisul¬ 
phide until the stream of solvent runs clear. Remove thimble 
and hold it before an electric fan in order to drive off the carbon 
bisulphide. Then dry at 350° F. in the electric oven, cool and 
weigh. The loss in weight represents the Soluble Bitumen and 
is reported in percentage. The residue in the thimble is reported 
as the percentage of Insoluble Residue. 

Petrolene and Asphaltene: 

In this test Petroleum Ether of 68° to 88° Be. gravity is the 
solvent used. The tarred alundum thimble with its charge of sam¬ 
ple (about 1 gram) is placed in the Soxhlet extractor in the even¬ 
ing and left to soak in the solvent until next morning, when the 
regular process of extraction is started and continued until the 
liquid runs clear. Remove thimble and dry before an electric fan, 
Then dry in an electric oven at 350° F., cool, weigh. The loss in 
weight represents the soluble matter and is reported as percent¬ 
age of Petrolene. The residue found in the extraction less any 
residue found in the carbon bisulphide extraction ,is the net 
amount of insoluble asphaltic material and is reported as per¬ 
centage of Asphaltenes. 


73 


MELTING POINT OF ASPHALTUMS 
(General Electric Co. Method) 

A thin coating of asphalt about 1/18" thick is placed on the 
bulb of the thermometer, having a cylinderical bulb, by dipping 
it in the melted asphalt; when cooled to room temperature this 
is suspended in the center of a test tube about one inch from the 
bottom. The test tube is placed in a beaker containing water, 
sulphuric acid or some clear liquid, the boiling point of which is 
above the flowing point of the asphalt to be treated. It should be 
from 1" to IV 2 " above the bottom of the beaker. Heat is applied 
and both heated at the rate of 2 degrees F. per minute, until a 
drop of asphalt leaves the thermometer, which temperature is 
taken as the flowing or melting point. 


74 



BALL AND RING METHOD 

This method has been proposed by the 
American Society for Testing Materials as 
useful for the determination of the melting 
or softening point of bituminous materials 
other than tar products. The apparatus 
consists of a “brass ring %" in diameter 
14 " deep, 3/32" wall, suspended 1" above 
the bottom of the beaker; a steel ball %" 
in diameter, weighing between 3.45 and 3.50 
grams; a standardized thermometer and a 
glass beaker of approximately 600cc. 
capacity.” 

Carefully melt the sample and fill the 
ring with the material, removing any ex¬ 
cess. Place the ball in the center of the 
ring and suspend in the beaker containing 
about 400cc. of water at a temperature at 
least 25° F. lower than the expected melting 
point of the asphaltum. Set the thermom¬ 
eter bulb within W of the sample and at 
the same level. Apply heat uniformly, pre¬ 
ferably with an electric hot plate over the 
bottom of the beaker sufficient to raise the 
temperature of the water exactly 9° F. per 
minute. The melting point is the tempera¬ 
ture at which the softening material has 
dropped one (1) inch. For temperatures 
above 200° F., glycerine should be used in¬ 
stead of water. Tests should agree within 
5° F. 







































75 


DUCTILITY OF ASPHALTS 

Smith’s Horizontal Ductility machine is used. Full direc¬ 
tions for using these are furnished with the instrument. 


VOLATILE AND COMBUSTIBLE MATTERS, FIXED CAR¬ 
BON, ASH 

One gram of the material is placed in a 30cc. capacity tall 
form platinum crucible having a tightly fitting cover. This is 
heated for seven (7) minutes over the full flame of a Bunsen 
burner, the bottom of the crucible should be 6 to 8 cm. above the 
top of the burner. The flame should be blue and fully 20 cm. 
high. 

The loss in weight after this heating constitutes the vola¬ 
tile and combustible matter. 

The crucible and cover are now burned free of all carbon and 
again reweighed. The difference between this weighting and the 
one preceding constitutes the fixed carbon. 

The sum of the percentage of Volatile and Combustible and 
Fixed Carbon subtracted from 100 gives the percentage of Ash. 


FLOAT TEST 
(For Asphalt) 

An instrument known as an asphalt viscosimeter is used. 

The asphaltic material to be tested is heated to fluidity and 
noured into the brass collar which should rest on an amalgamated 
brass plate. After cooling cut off the excess with a knife or hot 
spatula. Place collar and contents with the aluminum float in 
a water bath (41° F.) and allow to remain for at least fifteen 
(15) minutes. 

The collar with its contents are now screwed into the alum¬ 
inum float and placed in a bath of water held exactly at the 
temperature (generally 150° F.) at which the test is to be taken. 
The asphaltic material becomes warmer and the water gains en¬ 
trance to the float and sinks it. 

The time in seconds between placing the apparatus on the 
last bath and when the water breaks through is taken as the float 
test. 




76 


LAMP BURNING TEST—FOR KEROSENE OIL 

Apparatus 

Glass Lamp Bowl equipped with Bushings for using either 
No. 1 or No. 2 Burners, may be purchased from any reliable sup¬ 
ply house; also the No. 1 Sun Hinged Burners and graduated 
lamp chimneys. 

No. 1 wicks may be purchased most any where. 

The chimneys are graduated with long and short marks 
horizontally across the chimney on each side. The long marks 
indicate one-fourth of an inch above the top of the burner and 
the short marks indicate one-eighth of an inch between the 
large marks which are usually referred to as “one notch.” The 
lowest notch is 1 / 4" above the top of the burner and the high¬ 
est is IV 2 " above the top of the burner. 

Method 

Fill the bowl of the lamp with sixteen ounces, or 472 cubic 
centimeters of the oil to be tested. 

Insert a wick and trim with scissors so that the flame will 
be as broad as possible, slightly rounded and a smooth edge, with 
no “spears,” when it is 114" or five notches high. 

After the flame is properly adjusted, blow out the flame and 
wipe the chimney perfectly clean, with a soft cloth or paper. 
The lamp is then ready for the test. 

Relight the lamp and adjust the flame, so that it is five 
notches high. 

Allow to burn for thirty minutes during which time the lamp 
will become thoroughly heated from the burner. Re-adjust the 
the flame if necessary and allow to burn for eight hours after 
lighting, being careful to avoid all draught or other atmospheric 
disturbance, as this will cause smoking. 

When eight hours are up first take note of the height of the 
flame and record the drop in flame while burning, then extinguish 
the flame with one puff of air; do not turn down the wick. 

Record the condition of the chimney as Clear, Slightly 
Clouded, Clouded or Smoked. 

Report the condition of the wick as hard, medium or soft 
char and note the number of “Toad Stools.” 


77 


Measure the remaining amount of oil and subtract from six¬ 
teen ounces; this will show the number of ounces consumed in 
eight hours. All wicks used for lamp tests must be perfectly 
clean and should be dried for about one-half hour at 212 degrees 
Fahrenheit in a drying oven before using. 


LAMP BURNING TEST 
For Long Time Burning Oil 

This test is run in an Adlake R. R. Switch Lamp, in prac¬ 
tically the same manner as the regular lamp test given above, 
with the following exception: 

The flame is only %" high at the start; the height of flame 
being measured by placing a ruler inside the lamp. The lamp is 
allowed to burn until its goes out by running dry. 

The height of flame is recorded every 24 hours, and record 
made of the length of time burned. 

Note all other conditions same as regular lamp test. 


LAMP BURNING TEST 
For Signal Oil 

This test is made in a Standard Handlan Buck Signal 
Lantern. 

Test the same as for Long Time Burning Oil, except that 
only five ounces are used. Note the height of the flame after 
twenty hours and allow to burn dry. 


FULLERS EARTH 
MESH ANALYSIS 
Apparatus 

One set of sieves 8 inches in diameter, in the following 
meshes: 20-40-60-80-100-200. 

Method 

Weigh 100 grams of the clay and place in the coarsest mesh 
sieve; this sieve being on top of the next size, smaller mesh and 
the others under this in order of their mesh; the finest on the 





78 


bottom. Shake the whole set of sieves, until all possible clay has 
passed through the twenty mesh size. Weigh the coarse part 
remaining on the twenty mesh and report as per cent of 0 to 20 
mesh clay contained in the sample. Repeat operation for each 
sieve; the result should toll to 100 percent. 

Apparent Specific Gravity 

Measure 200cc. of earth in a graduated cylinder; jarring 
slightly to take up any voids which may be present. Weigh the 
above amount on a balance which should be sensitive to 1/10 of 
a gram. 

The volume in cubic centimeters divided by the weight in 
grams gives the apparent specific gravity. 

Discolorizing Value 

For this purpose a cylinderical tube of galvanized iron is 
used; size 11 inches long, 114 inch in diameter with a cone one 
inch long at the bottom. The cone terminates in a small pet-cock 
to regulate the flow of oil. 

A small piece of cotton or waste is placed in the cone to 
hold back the clay; then 200cc, of the clay to be used, is run into 
the tube through a funnel giving a rotary motion which will 
keep an even surface as the tube is being filled. 

This method of filling helps to avoid channeling. 

After filling in the clay, jar the tube slightly to pack tight. 
Before starting any oil through the filter place another piece of 
cotton over the top of the clay. When ready to start, invert a 
pint bottle of the oil to be used in the filter tube and allow to 
filter until the desired color is obtained. 

A five or ten gallon sample of unfiltered cylinder stock should 
be reserved as a standard sample for filtering. Ten per cent of 
this oil is mixed with 90 per cent of water white kerosene. 

This solution is filtered as described above until the color of 
the total filtrate reaches 50 inch in a % inch cell Lovibond. 

The number of cubic centimeters of filtrate multiplied by 
190, then divided by the cubic centimeters of clay used, gives the 
yield of filtrate per 20 ton filter. The results obtained should be 
shown in comparison to the results on the same oil using clay of 
known filtering value. 


79 


Also show the time necessary for oil to come through the 
filter and show time for filtration. 


DEGRAS 

Arbitrary test for Degras, to be used for Cold Testing pur¬ 
poses. 

A large sample of filtered cylinder stock having a high cold 
test, about 85, is kept on hand for use in this test, so that all 
samples may be compared on the same basis. 

Five per cent of the degras to be tested is thoroughly dis¬ 
solved in 95 per cent of cylinder stock above mentioned. 

Heat to 150 degrees F., mix thoroughly and allow to stand 
for at least twelve hours at ordinary temperature. 

Then make “Cold Test” in the regular manner. 

This result is compared with that of a sample of known 
value made up and tested in the same manner. The above test 
of course, is an arbitrary one for practical purposes. 


TAR TESTS—FOR CYLINDER OILS 
(Centrifuge Method) 

Five cubic centimeters of the oil is dissolved in 95% of 86° 
Be. Gasoline. This is mixed in a Goetz Tube, which is drawn to 
a small end and marked off in 1/20 of a cubic centimeter. 

The tube is turned in a centrifugal machine for ten minutes 
at the rate of 1000 r. p. m. and the amount in cubic centimeters 
of tarry matter thrown down is read off. 

This result, divided by 5cc. and multiplied by 100, gives the 
per cent of tarry matter and is reported as Tar Test. 


DETERMINATION OF WATER IN OILS 

The method used depends upon the nature of the material 
examined, and the amount of water present. For small amounts 
of water, it is advisable to use the distillation method; larger 
amounts are readily determined by the centrifuge method, es¬ 
pecially in the case where the oil does not contain interferring 
materials, such as tarry sludge, paraffin scale or sediment. 





80 


Distillation Method 

Distill about 100 grams of oil, with about 10 to 25cc. of 
toluol; this toluol should be previously saturated with water. The 
heating should be done in an oil bath; the condenser should be 
well cooled. Pumice chips are added to the flask to avoid bump¬ 
ing. The water in the material all distills between 150 degrees 
and 300 degrees Fahrenheit. 

Catch 80 to 90cc. of the distillate in a narrow measuring cyl¬ 
inder, preferably one constricted to a narrow graduated tube at 
the bottom. After washing the inside of the condenser with sat¬ 
urated toluol and loosening any water drops on the side of the 
cylinder with a stirring rod, the amount of water can be directly 
read on the graduations. 

Centrifuge Method 

Dilute 50cc. of the oil with 50cc. of benzene or benzine, in a 
suitable centrifuge tube and whirl for two (2) minutes on a high 
speed centrifuge (2000 r. p. m.) or until the separated layer of 
water does not appear to increase in volume. Read the percent 
of water on the scale, being careful to note and subtract any dirt 
or sediment also present. 

The diluting agent used should be previously saturated with 
water, so that when used in the test, it will absorb water from 
the sample; benzol and benzine both dissolve small proportions 
of water. The dilutent is prepared by shaking it vigorously with 
water, and separating the excess water by centrifuging the mix¬ 
ture. 


BOTTOM SETTLINGS AND WATER TEST 
For Crude Oils 

Mix 50cc. of Crude Oil sample with 50cc. of 65° Be. Gasoline. 
Handle in the same manner as for Tar Test. 

The cubic centimeters of sediment thrown down multiplied 
by two, will equal the per cent of B. S. and water. 



81 


CONVERSION TABLES 
FOR 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
1 Inch = 2.54 cm. = 25.4 mm. 1 Centimeter = .3937 Inch 

1 Foot=0.3048m.= 30.45 cm. 1 Meter=3.2808 Feet 
1 Yard = 0.9144 m. 1 Meter=1.0936 Yards. 

1 Kilometer=1000 Meters = 0.6214 mile. 

1 Meter=100 centimeters = 1000 milimeters. 

1 Ounce Avoir. = 28.35 grams. 

1 Ounce Troy and Apoth. = 31.103 grams. 

1 Ounce Avoir. = 437.5 grains. 

1 Ounce Troy and Apoth. = 480 grains. 

1 Pound Avoir.=453.59 grams = .4536 kilogram. 

1 Pound Troy=373.2 grams = .3732 kilogram. 

1 Gram=15.432 grams. 

1 Kilogram = 1000grams = 2.205 pounds Avoir. 

1 Kilogram=2.679 Pounds Troy. 

1 Gallon U. S.=231.0 cubic inches=4 quarts. 

1 Cubic inch = 16.387 cubic centimeters (cc.) 

1 Cubic Foot = 28.316 liters. 

1 Quart=.9464 liter 1 liter=1.0567 quart. 

1 U. S. Gallon = 3.7854 liters=3785.4 cc. 

1 Liter = 0.2642 U. S. Gallon. 

1 Gallon (U. S.) Water at 32 degrees F. (0°C.) weighs 8.337 lbs. 
1 Gallon (U. S.) Water at 60° F. (15.5°C.) weighs 8.328 lbs. 

1 Cubic Foot of water = 7.48 gallons (U. S.) 

1 Cubic Foot of water=62.426 lbs. 

1 Barrel of Oil = 42 gallons U. S. 


82 


TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS 

FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE 


F. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

— 40 . 

—40 

—12 

— 24.45 

15.80 

— 9 . 

43 

6.11 

70.25 

21.25 

—39 

— 39.45 

— 11.20 

—24 

16 

— 8.89 

43.25 

6.25 

71 

21.67 

— 38.20 

—39 

—11 

— 23.89 

16.25 

— 8.75 

44 . 

6.67 

71.60 

22 

— 38 . 

— 38.89 

— 10.75 

— 23.75 

17 

— 8.34 

44.60 

7 . 

72 

22.23 

— 37.75 

— 38.75 

—10 

23.34 

17.60 

— 8 . 

45 

7.23 

72.50 

22.50 

—37 

— 38.34 

— 9.40 

—23 

18 . 

— 7.78 

45.50 

7.50 

73 

22.78 

— 36.40 

— 38 . 

— 9 

— 22.78 

18.50 

— 7.50 

48 

7.78 

73.40 

23 

—36 

— 37.78 

— 8.50 

— 22.50 

19 

— 7.23 

46.40 

8 . 

74 

23.34 

— 35.50 

— 37.50 

— 8 . 

— 22.23 

19.40 

— 7 . 

47 . 

8.34 

74.75 

23.75 

—35 

— 37.23 

— 7.60 

—22 

20 

— 6.67 

47.75 

8.75 

75 . 

23.89 

— 34.60 

—37 

— 7 . 

— 21.67 

20.75 

— 6.25 

48 . 

8.89 

75.20 

24 

— 34 . 

— 36.67 

— 6.25 

— 21.25 

21 

— 6.11 

48.20 

9 

76 

24.45 

— 33.25 

— 36.25 

— 6 

— 21.11 

21 20 

— 6 

49 

9.45 

77 . 

25 

— 33 . 

— 36.11 

— 5.80 

—21 

22 

— 5.56 

50 

10 

78 . 

25.56 

— 32.80 

—36 

— 5 

— 20.56 

23 

— 5 

51 

10.56 

78.80 

26 

— 32 . 

— 35.5 

— 4 

—20 

24 

— 4.45 

51.80 

11 

79 

26.11 

— 31 . 

—35 

— 3 

— 19.45 

24.80 

— 4 . 

52 

11.11 

79.25 

26.25 

— 30 . 

— 34.45 

— 2.20 

—19 

25 

— 3.89 

52.25 

11.25 

80 . 

26.67 

— 29.20 

—34 

— 2 

— 18.89 

25.25 

— 3.75 

53 

11.67 

80.60 

27 . 

— 29 . 

— 33.89 

— 1.75 

— 18.75 

26 

— 3 34 

53.60 

12 . 

81 . 

27.23 

— 28.75 

— 33.75 

— 1 

— 18.34 

26.60 

— 3 

54 

12.23 

81.50 

27.50 

— 28 . 

— 33.34 

— 0.40 

— 18 . 

27 

— 2.78 

54.50 

12.50 

82 . 

27.78 

— 27.40 

—33 

0 

— 17.78 

27.50 

— 2.50 

55 

12.78 

82.40 

28 . 

— 27 . 

— 32.78 

0.50 

— 17.50 

28 . 

— 2.23 

55.40 

13 . 

83 . 

28.34 

— 26.50 

— 32.50 

1 . 

— 17.23 

28.40 

— 2 

56 

13.34 

83.75 

28.75 

—26 

—32 23 

1.40 

—17 

29 

— 1.67 

56.75 

13.75 

84 . 

28.89 

— 25.60 

—32 

2 

— 16.67 

29.75 

— 1.25 

57 . 

13.89 

84.20 

29 

—25 

—31 67 

2.75 

— 16.25 

30 . 

— 1.11 

57.20 

14 . 

85 . 

29.45 

— 24.25 

— 31.25 

3 

— 16.11 

30.20 

— 1 . 

58 . 

14.45 

86 

30 . 

—24 

— 31.11 

3.20 

—16 

31 . 

— 0.56 

59 . 

15 . 

87. 

30.56 

— 23.80 

—31 

4 

— 15.56 

32 . 

0 

60 

15.56 

87.80 

31 . 

—23 

— 30.56 

5 

—15 

33 

0.56 

60.80 

16 

88. 

31.11 

—22. 

— 30 . 

6 

— 14.45 

33.80 

1. 

61 

16.11 

88.25 

31.25 

—21 

— 29.45 

6.80 

—14 

34 

1.11 

61.25 

16.25 

89 

31.67 

— 20.20 

—29 

7. 

— 13.89 

34.25 

1.25 

62 

16.67 

89.60 

32. 

—20. 

— 28.89 

7.25 

— 13.75 

35 . 

1.67 

62.60 

17 

90. 

32.23 

— 19.75 

— 28.75 

8. 

— 13.34 

35.60 

2 

63 

17.23 

90.50 

32.50 

—19 

— 28.34 

8.60 

—13 

36 

2.23 

63.50 

17.50 

91 

32.78 

— 18.40 

— 28 . 

9 

— 12.78 

36.50 

2.50 

64 

17.78 

91.40 

33. 

— 18 . 

— 27.78 

9.50 

— 12.50 

37. 

2.78 

64.40 

18 . 

92 

33.34 

— 17.50 

— 27.50 

10 

—12 23 

37.40 

3 

65 . 

18.34 

92.75 

33.75 

—17. 

— 27.23 

10.40 

—12 

38 . 

3.34 

65.75 

18.75 

93. 

33.89 

— 16.60 

—27. 

11 . 

— 11.67 

38.75 

3.75 

66 

18.89 

93.20 

34 

—16 

— 26.67 

11.75 

— 11.25 

39 

3.89 

66.20 

19 

94 

34.45 

— 15.25 

— 26.25 

12 

— 11.11 

39.20 

4 

67. 

19.45 

95 . 

35 

—15. 

— 26.11 

12.20 

—11 

40 

4.45 

68. 

20 

96 

35.56 

— 14.80 

—26 

13 . 

— 10.56 

41 

5 

69 

20.56 

96.80 

36 

— 14 . 

— 25.56 

14 

—10 

42 

5.56 

69.80 

21 

97 

36.11 

—13. 

—25 

15 . 

— 9.45 

42.80 

6 

70 . 

21.11 

97.25 

36.25 


(Continued on next Page) 
























83 


F . 


C . 


F . 


C . 


F . 


98. 


36 . 

67 

125 . 

60 

52 


153 


98 . 

60 

37 


126 


52 . 

23 

153 . 

50 

99 


37 . 

23 

126 . 

50 

52 . 

50 

154 


99 . 

50 

37 . 

50 

127. 


52 . 

78 

154 

40 

100. 


37 . 

78 

127 . 

40 

53 


155 . 


100 . 

40 

38. 


128. 


53 

34 

155 

75 

101 


38 

34 

128 . 

75 

53 

75 

156 


101 

75 

38 

75 

129 


53 

89 

156 

20 

102 


38 

89 

129 

20 

54 


157. 


102 

20 

39 


130 


54 

45 

158 


103 


39 

45 

131 


55 


159 


104 


40 


132 


55 

56 

159 

80 

105 


40 

56 

132 

80 

56 


160 


105 

80 

41 


133 


56 

11 

160 

25 

106 


41 

11 

133 

25 

56 

25 

161 


106 

25 

41 

25 

134 


56 

67 

161 

60 

107 


41 

67 

134 

60 

57 


162 


107 

60 

42 


135 


57 

23 

162 

50 

108 


42 

23 

135 

50 

57 

50 

163 


108 

50 

42 

50 

136 


57 

78 

163 

40 

109 


42 

78 

136 

40 

58 


164 


109 

40 

43 


137 


58 

34 

164 

75 

110 


43 

34 

137 

75 

58 

75 

165 


110 

75 

43 

75 

138 


58 

89 

165 

20 

111 


43 

89 

138 

20 

59 


166 


111 

20 

44 


139 


59 

45 

167 


112 


44 

45 

140 


60 


168 


113 


45 


141 


60 

56 

168 

80 

114 


45 

56 

141 

.80 

61 


169 


114 

80 

46 


142 


61 

11 

169 

25 

115 


46 

.11 

142 

.25 

61 

.25 

170 


115 

25 

46 

.25 

143 


61 

67 

170 

60 

116 


46 

.67 

143 

.60 

62 


171 


116 

60 

47 


144 


62 

23 

171 

50 

117 


47 

.23 

144 

.50 

62 

.50 

172 


117 

50 

47 

.50 

145 


62 

.78 

172 

40 

118 


47 

.78 

145 

.40 

63 


173 


118 

.40 

48 


146 


63 

.34 

173 

75 

119 

48 

.34 

146 

.75 

63 

75 

174 

20 

119 

.75 

48 

.75 

147 


63 

.89 

174 

120 


48 

.89 

147 

.20 

64 


175 


120 

.20 

49 


148 


64 

.45 

176 


121 


49 

.45 

149 


65 


177 

00 

o 

122 


50 


150 


65 

.56 

177 

123 


50 

.56 

150 

.80 

66 


178 

25 

123 

o 

00 

51 


151 


66 

11 

178 

124 

51 

.11 

151 

25 

66 

25 

179 

60 

124 

25 

51 

.25 

152 


66 

67 

179 

1»5 


51 

.67 

152 

.60 

67 


180 



C . 


F . 


C . 


F 


C . 


67 

23 

180 . 

50 

82 

50 

208. 


97 . 

78 

67 

50 

181 


82 . 

78 

208 . 

40 

98. 


67 

78 

181 . 

40 

83 


209 . 


98 . 

34 

68 


182. 


83 . 

34 

209 . 

75 

98 . 

75 

68 

34 

182 . 

75 

83 . 

75 

210 . 


98 . 

89 

68 

75 

183 


83 . 

89 

210 . 

20 

99 


68 

89 

183 . 

20 

84 


211 


99 . 

45 

69 


184. 


84 . 

45 

212 

100 


69 

45 

185 


85. 


213 


100 . 

56 

70 


186. 


85 . 

56 

213 . 

80 

101 


70 

56 

186 . 

80 

86. 


214. 


101 . 

11 

71 


187. 


86 

11 

214 . 

25 

101 . 

25 

71 

11 

187 

25 

86 . 

25 

215. 


101 . 

67 

71 

25 

188 


86 

67 

215 . 

60 

102 


71 

67 

188 

60 

87 


216. 


102 

23 

72 


189 


87 

23 

216 . 

50 

102 

50 

72 

23 

189 

50 

87 

50 

217 

102 

78 

72 

50 

190 


87 

78 

217 . 

40 

103 


72 

78 

190 

40 

88 


218. 


103 

34 

73 


191 


88 

34 

218 . 

75 

103 

75 

73 

34 

191 

75 

88 

75 

219 


103 

89 

73 

75 

192 


88 

89 

219 

20 

104 


73 

89 

192 

20 

89 


220 


104 

45 

74 


193 


89 

45 

221 


105 


74 

45 

194 


90 


222 

105 

56 

75 


195 


90 

56 

222 

80 

106 


75 

56 

195 

.80 

91 


223 


106 

11 

76 


196 


91 

11 

223 

25 

106 

25 

76 

11 

196 

25 

91 

25 

224 


106 

.67 

76 

27 

197 


91 

67 

224 

60 

107 


76 

67 

197 

60 

92 


225 


107 

.23 

77 


198 


92 

.23 

225 

50 

107 

.50 

77 

23 

198 

.50 

92 

.50 

226 


107 

.78 

77 

.50 

199 


92 

.78 

226 

40 

108 


77 

.78 

199 

.40 

93 


227 


108 

.34 

78 


200 


93 

.34 

227 

.75 

108 

.75 

78 

.34 

200 

.75 

93 

.75 

228 


108 

.89 

78 

.75 

201 


93 

.89 

228 

.20 

109 


78 

.89 

201 

.20 

94 


229 


109 

.45 

79 


202 


94 

.45 

230 


110 


79 

.45 

203 


95 


231 


110 

.56 

80 


204 


95 

.56 

231 

80 

111 


80 

.56 

204 

.80 

96 


232 

111 

.11 

81 


205 


96 

.11 

232 

.25 

111 

.25 

81 

.11 

205 

.25 

96 

.25 

233 


111 

.67 

81 

.25 

206 


96 

.67 

233 

.60 

112 


81 

.67 

206 

.60 

97 

# 

234 


112 

.23 

82 


207 


97 

.23 

234 

.50 

112 

.50 

82 

.23 

207 

.50 

97 

.50 

235 

. 

112 

.78 




















84 


TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS 

FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE 


F . 

c. 

F . 

C. 

F . 

C. 

F . 

C. 

F . 

C. 

235.40 

113 

263 

128.34 

290.75 

143.75 

318 

158.89 

345.20 

174 

236 

113.34 

263.75 

128.75 

291 

143.89 

318.20 

159 

346 

174.45 

236.75 

113.75 

264 

128.89 

291.20 

144 

319 

159.45 

347 

175 

237. 

113.89 

264.20 

129 

292 

144.45 

320 

160 

348. 

175.56 

237.20 

114 

265 

129.45 

293 

145 

321 

160.56 

348.80 

176 

238 

114.45 

266 

130 

294 

145.56 

321.80 

161 

349 

176.11 

239. 

115 

267 

130.56 

294.80 

146 

322 

161.11 

349.25 

176.25 

240 

115.56 

267.80 

131 

295 

146.11 

322.25 

161.25 

350 . 

176.67 

240.80 

116 

268 

131.11 

295.25 

146.25 

323 

161.67 

350.60 

177 

241. 

116.11 

268.25 

131.25 

296 

146.67 

323.60 

162 

351 

177.23 

241.25 

116.25 

269 

131.67 

296.60 

147 

324 

162.23 

351.50 

177.50 

242. 

116.67 

269.60 

132 

297 

147.23 

324.50 

162.50 

352 

177.78 

242.60 

117 

270 

132.23 

297.50 

147.50 

325 

162.78 

352.40 

178. 

243 

117.23 

270.50 

132.50 

298. 

147.78 

325.40 

163 

353 

178.34 

243.50 

117.50 

271 

132.78 

298.40 

148. 

326 

163.34 

353.75 

178.75 

244. 

117.78 

271.40 

133 

299 

148.34 

326.75 

163.75 

354 

178.89 

244.40 

118 

272. 

133.34 

299.75 

148.75 

327 

163.89 

354.20 

179 

245 

118.34 

272.75 

133.75 

300 

148.89 

327.20 

164 

355 

179.45 

245.75 

118.75 

273 

133.89 

300.20 

149 

328 

164.45 

356 

180 

246 

118.89 

273.20 

134 

301 

149.45 

329 

165 

357 

180.56 

246.20 

119 

274 

134.45 

302 

150 

330 

165.56 

357.80 

181 

247. 

119.45 

275 

135 

303 

150.56 

330.80 

166 

358. 

181.11 

248. 

120 

276 

135.56 

303.80 

151 

331 

166.11 

358.25 

181.25 

249 

120.56 

276.80 

136 

304 

151.11 

331.25 

166.25 

359 

181.67 

249.80 

121 

277 

136.11 

304.25 

151.25 

332 

166.67 

359.60 

182 

250 

121.11 

277.25 

136.25 

305 

151.67 

332.60 

167 

360 

182.23 

250.25 

121.25 

278. 

136.67 

305.60 

152 

333 

167.23 

360.50 

182.50 

251 

121.67 

278.60 

137 

306 

152.23 

333.50 

167.50 

361 

182.78 

251.60 

122 

279 

137.23 

306.50 

152.50 

334 

167.78 

361.40 

183 

252 

122.23 

279.50 

137.50 

307 

152.78 

334.40 

168 

362 

183.34 

252.50 

122.50 

280 

137.78 

307.40 

153 

335 

168.34 

362.75 

183.75 

253 

122.78 

280.40 

138 

308 

153.34 

335.75 

168.75 

363 

183.89 

253.40 

123 

281 

138.34 

308.75 

153.75 

336 

168.89 

363.20 

184. 

254 

123.34 

281.75 

138.75 

309 

153.89 

336.20 

169 

364 

184.45 

254.75 

123.75 

282 

138.89 

309.20 

154 

337 

169.45 

365 

185 

255 

123.89 

282.20 

139 

310 

154.45 

338 

170 

366 

185.56 

255.20 

124 

283 

139.45 

311 

155 

339 

170.56 

366.80 

186 

256 

124.45 

284 . 

140 

312 

155.56 

339.80 

171 

367 

186.11 

257. 

125 

285 

140.56 

312.80 

156 

340 

171.11 

367.25 

186 25 

258. 

125.56 

285.80 

141 

313 

156.11 

340.25 

171.25 

368 

186.67 

258.80 

126 

286 

141.11 

313.25 

156.25 

341 

171.67 

368.60 

187. 

259 . 

126.11 

286.25 

141.25 

314 

156.67 

341.60 

172 

369 

187 23 

259.25 

126.25 

287 

141.67 

314.60 

157 

342 

172.23 

369.50 

187.50 

260 

126.67 

287.60 

142 

315 

157.23 

342.50 

172.50 

370 

187.78 

260.60 

127 

288 . 

142.23 

315.50 

157.50 

343 

172.78 

370.40 

188 

261 

127.23 

2 S 8.50 

142.50 

316 

157.78 

343.40 

173 

371 

188.34 

261.50 

127.50 

289 

142.78 

316.40 

158. 

344 

173.34 

371.75 

188.75 

262. 

127.78 

289.40 

113 

317 . 

158.34 

344.75 

173.75 

372 

188.89 

262.40 

y 

128 . 

290 

143.34 

317.75 

158.75 

345 . 

173.89 

372.20 

1 S 9 . 


(Continued on next Page) 



















85 


F. C. F. C. F. 


373 


189 

45 

401 


205 

.56 

429 


374 


190 


402 


205 


429 

80 

375 


190 

56 

402 

80 

206 


430 


375 

80 

191 


403 


206 

11 

430 

25 

376 


191 

11 

403 

25 

206 

25 

431 


376 

25 

191 

25 

404 


206 

67 

431 

60 

377 


191 

67 

404 

60 

207 


432 


377 

60 

192 


405 


207 

23 

432 

50 

378 


192 

23 

405 

.50 

207 

.50 

433 


378 

50 

192 

50 

406 


207 

75 

433 

40 

379 


192 

78 

406 

.40 

208 


434 


379 

40 

193 


407 


208 

34 

434 

75 

380 


193 

34 

407 

.75 

208 

75 

435 


380 

75 

193 

75 

•408 


208 

89 

435 

20 

381 


193 

89 

408 

20 

209 


436 


381 

20 

194 


409 


209 

45 

437 


382 


194 

45 

410 


210 


438 


383 


195 


411 


210 

56 

438 

80 

384 


195 

56 

411 

80 

211 


439 


384 

80 

196 


412 


211 

11 

439 

25 

385 


196 

11 

412 

25 

211 

25 

440 


385 

25 

196 

25 

413 


211 

67 

440 

60 

386 


196 

67 

413 

60 

212 


441 


386 

60 

197 


414 


212 

23 

441 

50 

387 


197 

23 

414 

50 

212 

50 

442 


387 

50 

197 

50 

415 


212 

78 

442 

40 

388 


197 

78 

415 

40 

213 


443 


388 

40 

198 


416 


213 

34 

443 

75 

389 


198 

34 

416 

75 

213 

75 

444 


389 

75 

198 

75 

417 


213 

89 

444 

20 

390 


198 

89 

417 

20 

214 


445 


390 

20 

199 


418 


214 

45 

446 


391 


199 

45 

419 


215 


477 


392 


200 


420 


215 

56 

447 

80 

393 


200 

56 

420 

80 

216 


448 


393 

80 

201 


421 


216 

11 

448 

25 

394 


201 

11 

421 

25 

216 

25 

449 


394 

25 

201 

25 

422 


216 

67 

449 

60 

395 


201 

67 

422 

60 

217 


450 


395 

60 

202 


423 


217 

23 

450 

50 

396 


202 

23 

423 

50 

217 

50 

451 


396 

50 

202 

50 

424 


217 

78 

451 

40 

397 


202 

78 

424 

40 

218 


452 


397 

40 

•203 


425 


218 

34 

452 

75 

398 


203 

34 

425 

75 

218 

75 

453 


398 

75 

203 

75 

426 


218 

89 

453 

20 

399 


203 

89 

426 

20 

219 


454 


399 

20 

204 


427 


219 

45 

455 


400 


204 

45 

428 


220 


456 



c . 


F 


C 


F. 

c 

• 

220 

56 

456 

80 

236 


484 


251 

11 

221 


457 


236 

11 

484 

25 

251 

25 

221 

11 

457 

25 

236 

25 

485 


251 

67 

221 

25 

458 


236 

67 

485 

60 

252 


221 

67 

458 

60 

237 


486 


252 

23 

222 


459 


237 

23 

486 

50 

252 

50 

222 

23 

459 

50 

237 

50 

487 


252 

78 

222 

50 

460 


237 

78 

487 

40 

253 


222 

78 

460 

40 

238 


488 


253 

34 

223 


461 


238 

34 

488 

75 

253 

75 

223 

34 

461 

75 

238 

75 

489 


253 

89 

223 

75 

462 


238 

89 

489 

20 

254 


223 

89 

462 

20 

239 


490 


254 

45 

224 


463 


239 

45 

491 


255 


224 

45 

464 


240 


492 


255 

56 

225 


465 


240 

56 

492 

80 

256 


225 

56 

465 

80 

241 


493 


256 

11 

226 


466 


241 

11 

493 

25 

256 

25 

226 

11 

466 

25 

241 

25 

494 


256 

67 

226 

25 

467 


241 

67 

494 

60 

257 


226 

67 

467 

60 

242 


495 


257 

23 

227 


468 


242 

23 

495 

50 

257 

50 

227 

23 

468 

50 

242 

50 

496 


257 

78 

227 

50 

469 


242 

78 

496 

.40 

258 


227 

78 

469 

40 

243 


497 


258 

34 

228 


470 


243 

34 

497 

75 

258 

75 

228 

34 

470 

75 

243 

75 

498 


258 

89 

228 

75 

471 


243 

89 

498 

20 

259 

228 

89 

471 

20 

244 


499 


259 

45 

229 


472 


244 

45 

500 


260 


229 

45 

473 


245 


501 


260 

56 

230 


474 


245 

56 

501 

80 

261 


230 

56 

474 

80 

246 


502 


261 

11 

231 


475 


246 

11 

502 

25 

261 

25 

231 

11 

475 

25 

246 

25 

503 


261 

67 

231 

25 

476 


246 

67 

503 

60 

262 


231 

67 

476 

60 

247 


504 


262 

23 

232 


477 


247 

23 

504 

50 

262 

50 

232 

23 

477 

50 

247 

50 

505 


262 

78 

232 

50 

478 


247 

78 

505 

40 

263 


232 

78 

478 

40 

248 


506 


263 

34 

233 


479 


248 

34 

506 

75 

263 

75 

233 

34 

479 

75 

248 

75 

507 


263 

89 

233 

75 

480 


248 

89 

507 

20 

264 


233 

89 

480 

20 

249 


508 


264 

45 

234 


481 


249 

45 

509 


265 


234 

45 

482 


250 


510 


265 

56 

235 


483 


250 

56 

510 

o 

00 

268 


235 

56 

483 

80 

251 


511 


266 

.11 













80 


TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS 

FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE 


F . 

C . 

F. 

C . 

F . 

C . 

F. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

511.25 

266.25 

539 

281.67 

566.60 

297 . 

594 . 

312.33 

621.50 

327.50 

512 . 

266.67 

539.60 

282 . 

567 . 

297.23 

594.50 

312.50 

622 

327.78 

512.60 

267 . 

540 

282.23 

567.50 

297.50 

595 . 

312.78 

622.40 

328 

513 

267.23 

540.50 

282.50 

568 

297.78 

595.40 

313 

623 

328.34 

513.50 

267.50 

541 

282.78 

568.40 

298 

596 

313.34 

623.75 

328.75 

514 

267.78 

541.40 

283 . 

569 

298.34 

596.75 

313.75 

624 

328.89 

514.40 

268 

542 . 

283.34 

569.75 

298.75 

597 . 

313.89 

624.20 

329 

515 

268.34 

542.75 

283.75 

570 . 

298.89 

597.20 

314 

625 . 

329.45 

515.75 

268.75 

543 

283.89 

570.20 

299 

598 . 

314.45 

626 

330 

516 . 

268.89 

543.20 

284 . 

571 . 

299.45 

599 

315 . 

627 . 

330.56 

516.20 

269 

544 

284.45 

572 

300 

600 

315.56 

627.80 

331 

517 . 

269.45 

545 . 

285 . 

573 

300.56 

600.80 

316 

628 . 

331.11 

518 . 

270 

546 

285.56 

573.80 

301 

601 

316.11 

628.25 

331.25 

519 

270.56 

546.80 

286 . 

574 

301.11 

601.25 

316.25 

629 

331.67 

519.80 

271 

547 . 

286.11 

574.25 

301.25 

602 . 

316.67 

629.60 

332 

520 

271.11 

547.25 

286.25 

575 

301.67 

602.60 

317 

630 

332 23 

520.25 

271.25 

548 . 

286.67 

575.60 

302 . 

603 . 

317.23 

630.50 

332.50 

521 

271.67 

548.60 

287 . 

576 

302.23 

603.50 

317.50 

631 

332.78 

521.60 

272 

549 . 

287.23 

576.50 

302.50 

604 

317.78 

631.40 

333 

522 . 

272.23 

549.50 

287.50 

577 . 

302.78 

604.40 

318 

632 

333.34 

522.50 

272.50 

550 . 

287.78 

577.40 

303 

605 

318.34 

632.75 

333.75 

523 . 

272.78 

550.40 

288 . 

578 . 

303.34 

605.75 

318.75 

633 

333.89 

523.40 

273 . 

551 . 

288.34 

578.75 

303.75 

606 

318.89 

633.20 

334 

524 

273.34 

551.75 

288.75 

579 

303.89 

606.20 

319 

634 

334.45 

524.75 

273.75 

552 

288.89 

579.20 

304 . 

607 

319.45 

635 

335 

525 . 

273.89 

552.20 

289 . 

580 . 

304.45 

608 . 

320 

636 

335.56 

525.20 

274 . 

553 

289.45 

581 

305 

609 

320.56 

636.80 

336 

526 . 

274.45 

554 

290 

582 . 

305.56 

609.80 

321 

637 . 

336.11 

527 . 

275 

555 . 

290.56 

582.80 

306 

610 

321.11 

637.25 

336.25 

528 . 

275.56 

555.80 

291 

583 

306.11 

610.25 

321.25 

638 . 

336.67 

528.80 

276 . 

556 

291.11 

583.25 

306.25 

611 

321.67 

638.60 

337 

529 . 

276.11 

556.25 

291.25 

584 . 

306.67 

611.60 

322 

639 

337.23 

529.25 

276.25 

557 . 

291.67 

584.60 

307 

612 

322.23 

639.50 

337.50 

530 

276.67 

557.60 

292 

585 . 

307.23 

612.50 

322.50 

640 . 

337.78 

530.60 

277 , 

558 . 

292.23 

585.50 

307.50 

613 

322.70 

640.40 

338 . 

531 

277.23 

558.50 

292.50 

586 

307.78 

613.40 

323 

641 

338.34 

531.50 

277.50 

559 

292.78 

586.40 

308 . 

614 

323.34 

641.75 

338.75 

532 

277.78 

559.40 

293 

587 . 

308.34 

614.75 

323.75 

642 

338.89 

532.40 

278 . 

560 

293.34 

587.75 

308.75 

615 

323.89 

642.20 

339 

533 

278.34 

560.75 

293.75 

588 . 

308.89 

615.20 

324 . 

643 

339.45 

533.75 

278.75 

561 

293.89 

588.20 

309 

616 

324.45 

644 

340 

534 . 

278.89 

561.20 

294 . 

589 . 

309.45 

617 

325 . 

645 . 

340.56 

534.20 

279 

562 . 

294.45 

590 

310 . 

618 

325.56 

645.80 

341 

535 . 

279.45 

563 . 

295 . 

591 . 

310.56 

618.80 

326 

646 

341.11 

536 

280 . 

564 . 

295.56 

591.80 

311 

619 

326.11 

646.25 

341.25 

537 

280.56 

564.80 

296 

592 . 

311.11 

619.25 

326.25 

647 

341.67 

537.80 

281 . 

565 . 

296.11 

592.25 

311.25 

620 

326.67 

647.60 

342 

538 . 

281.11 

565.25 

296.25 

593 

311.67 

620.60 

327 

648 

342.23 

538.25 

281.25 

566 

296.67 

593.60 

312 . 

621 . 

327.23 

648.50 

342.50 


(Continued on next Page) 



















87 


p. 


C . 


F. 


C . 


F. 


C . 


F 

a 

C 


F. 

C 

• 

649 


342 

78 

676 . 

40 

358. 


704. 


373 . 

34 

731 . 

75 

388 

75 

759 


403 

89 

649 . 

40 

343 


677. 


358 . 

34 

704 . 

75 

373 

75 

732 


388 

89 

759 . 

20 

404 


650. 


343 

34 

677 . 

75 

358 . 

75 

705. 


373 . 

89 

732 . 

20 

389 


760 


404 . 

45 

650 . 

75 

343 

75 

678. 


358 

89 

705 

20 

374 


733. 


389 

45 

761. 


405 


651 


343 

89 

678 

20 

359 


706 


374 . 

45 

734 


390 


762. 


405 . 

56 

651 . 

20 

344 


679 


359 

45 

707 


375 


735 


390 . 

56 

762 

80 

406 


652 


344 

45 

680 


360 


708 


375 

56 

735 

80 

391 


763 


406 . 

11 

653. 


345 


681 


360 

56 

708 

80 

376 


736 


391 

11 

763 . 

25 

406 . 

25 

654 


345 

56 

681 

80 

361 


709 


376 

11 

736 

25 

391 

25 

764 


406 . 

67 

654 

80 

346 


682 


361 

11 

709 

25 

376 

25 

737 


391 

67 

764 . 

60 

407 


655 


346 

11 

682 

25 

361 

25 

710 


376 

67 

737 

60 

392 


765 


407 . 

23 

655 

25 

346 

25 

683 


361 

67 

710 . 

60 

377 


738 


392 

23 

765 . 

50 

407 . 

50 

656 


346 

67 

683 

60 

362 


711 


377 

23 

738 

50 

392 

50 

766 


407 . 

78 

656 

60 

347 


684 


362 

23 

711 

50 

377 

50 

739 


392 

78 

766 . 

40 

408. 


657 


347 

23 

684 

50 

362 

50 

712 


377 

78 

739 

40 

393 


767. 


408 . 

34 

657 

50 

347 

50 

685 


362 

78 

712 

40 

378 


740 


393 

34 

767 . 

75 

408 . 

75 

658 


347 

78 

685 

40 

363 


713 


378 

34 

740 

75 

393 

75 

768 


408 . 

89 

658 

40 

348 


686 


363 

34 

713 

75 

378 

75 

741 


393 

89 

768 

20 

409 


659 


348 

34 

686 

75 

363 

75 

714 


378 

89 

741 

20 

394 


769 


409 . 

45 

659 

75 

348 

75 

687 


363 

89 

714 

20 

379 


742 


394 

45 

770 


410 


660 


348 

89 

687 

20 

364 


715 


379 

45 

743 


395 


771 


410 

56 

660 

20 

349 


688 


364 

45 

716 


380 


744 


395 

56 

771 

80 

411 


661 


349 

.45 

689 


365 


717 


380 

56 

744 

80 

396 


772 


411 

11 

662 


350 


690 


365 

56 

717 

80 

381 


745 


396 

11 

772 

25 

411 

25 

663 


350 

.56 

690 

80 

366 


718 


381 

11 

745 

25 

396 

25 

773 


411 

67 

663 

80 

351 


691 


366 

.11 

718 

25 

381 

25 

746 


396 

67 

773 

60 

412 


664 


351 

.11 

691 

25 

366 

.25 

719 


381 

67 

746 

60 

397 


774 


412 

23 

664 

25 

351 

.25 

692 


366 

.67 

719 

60 

382 


747 


397 

23 

774 

50 

412 

50 

665 


351 

.67 

692 

60 

367 


720 


382 

23 

747 

50 

397 

50 

775 


412 

78 

665 

60 

352 


693 


367 

.23 

720 

50 

382 

.50 

748 


397 

78 

775 

40 

413 


666 


352 

.23 

693 

50 

367 

.50 

721 


382 

78 

748 

40 

398 


776 


413 

34 

666 

50 

352 

.50 

694 


367 

.78 

721 

40 

383 


749 


398 

34 

776 

75 

413 

75 

667 

352 

.78 

694 

40 

368 


722 


383 

34 

749 

75 

398 

75 

777 


413 

89 

667 

40 

353 


695 


368 

.34 

722 

75 

383 

75 

750 


398 

89 

777 

20 

414 


668 

353 

.34 

695 

75 

368 

.75 

723 


383 

89 

750 

.20 

399 


778 


414 

45 

668 

75 

353 

.75 

696 


368 

.89 

723 

20 

384 


751 


399 

45 

779 


415 


669 

353 

.89 

696 

20 

369 


724 


384 

.45 

752 


400 


780 


415 

56 

669 

20 

354 


697 


369 

.45 

725 

% 

385 


753 


400 

.56 

780 

o 

CO 

416 


670 

354 

.45 

698 


370 


726 


385 

.56 

753 

.80 

401 


781 


416 

.11 

671 


355 

699 


370 

.56 

726 

80 

386 


754 


401 

.11 

781 

.25 

416 

.25 

672 


355 

56 

699 

80 

371 


727 


386 

.11 

754 

.25 

401 

.25 

782 


416 

.67 

672 

80 

356 


700 


371 

11 

727 

25 

386 

25 

755 


401 

.67 

782 

.60 

417 

• 

673 

356 

11 

700 

25 

371 

25 

728 


386 

.67 

755 

.60 

402 


783 


417 

.23 

673 

25 

356 

25 

701 


371 

67 

728 

60 

387 


756 


402 

.23 

783 

.50 

417 

.50 

674 

356 

67 

701 

60 

372 


729 


387 

.23 

756 

.50 

402 

.50 

784 


417 

.78 

674 

60 

357 

702 


372 

23 

729 

50 

387 

50 

757 


402 

.78 

784 

.40 

418 

'34 

675 

357 

23 

702 

50 

372 

50 

730 


387 

78 

757 

.40 

403 


785 

^75 

418 

675 

50 

357 

50 

703 


372 

78 

730 

40 

388 


758 


403 

.34 

785 

418 

.75 

676 

357 

78 

703 

40 

373 


731 


388 

34 

758 

.75 

403 

.75 

786 


418 

.89 















88 


TEMPERATURE EQUIVALENTS 

FAHRENHEIT, CENTIGRADE 


F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F. 

C. 

F 

C 

F. 

C. 

786.20 

419 

814. 

434.45 

842. 

450. 

870. 

465.56 

897.80 

481. 

787. 

419.45 

815 

435 

843. 

450.56 

870.80 

466 

898. 

481.11 

788. 

420. 

816. 

435.56 

843.80 

451. 

871. 

466.11 

898.25 

481.25 

789. 

420.56 

816.80 

436 

844 . 

451.11 

871.25 

466.25 

899 

481.67 

789.80 

421. 

817. 

436.11 

844.25 

451.25 

872. 

466.67 

899.60 

482. 

790. 

421.11 

817.25 

436.25 

845. 

451.67 

872.60 

467 

900 

482.23 

790.25 

421.25 

818. 

436.67 

845.60 

452. 

873. 

467.23 

900.50 

482.50 

791. 

421.67 

818.60 

437 

846 

452.23 

873.50 

467.50 

901 

482.78 

791.60 

422 

819 

437.23 

846.50 

452.50 

874. 

467.78 

901.40 

483. 

792 

422.23 

819.50 

437.50 

847. 

452.78 

874.40 

468 

902 

483.34 

792.50 

422.50 

820 

437.78 

847.40 

453. 

875. 

468.34 

902.75 

483.75 

793 

422.78 

820.40 

438. 

848. 

453.34 

875.75 

468.75 

903 

483.89 

793.40 

423. 

821. 

438.34 

848.75 

453.75 

876 

468.89 

903.20 

484. 

794 

423.34 

821.75 

438.75 

849 

453.89 

876.20 

469 

904 

484.45 

794.75 

423.75 

822. 

438.89 

849.20 

454 

877. 

469.45 

905. 

485. 

795 

423.89 

822.20 

439 

850. 

454.45 

878. 

470 

906 

485.56 

795.20 

424. 

823 

439.45 

851. 

455. 

879. 

470.56 

906.80 

486. 

796 

424.45 

824. 

440 

852. 

455.56 

879.80 

471 

907 

486.11 

797 

425 

825. 

440.56 

852.80 

456 

880. 

471.11 

907.25 

486.25 

798 

425.56 

825.80 

441 

853 

456.11 

880.25 

471.25 

908. 

486.67 

798.80 

426. 

826 

441.11 

853.25 

456.25 

881. 

471.67 

908.60 

487. 

799 

426.11 

826.25 

441.25 

854. 

456.67 

881.60 

472 

909 

487.23 

799.25 

426.25 

827. 

441.67 

854.60 

457. 

882 . 

472.23 

909.50 

487.50 

800. - 

426.67 

827.60 

442 

855. 

457.23 

882.50 

472.50 

910 

487.78 

800.60 

427 

828. 

442.23 

855.50 

457.50 

883. 

472.78 

910.40 

488. 

801. 

427.23 

828.50 

442.50 

856 

457.78 

883.40 

473 

911 

488.34 

801.50 

427.50 

829. 

442.78 

856.40 

458. 

884. 

473.34 

911.75 

488.75 

802. 

427.78 

829.40 

443 

857. 

458.34 

884.75 

473.75 

912 

488.89 

802.40 

428. 

830 

443.34 

857.75 

458.75 

885. 

473.89 

912.20 

489 

803. 

428.34 

830.75 

443.75 

858. 

458.89 

885.20 

474 

913. 

489.45 

803.75 

428.75 

831 

443.89 

858.20 

459 

886. 

474.45 

914 

490 

804. 

428.89 

831.20 

444 

859 

459.45 

887. 

475. 

915 

490.56 

804.20 

429 

832. 

444.45 

860 

460 

888. 

475.56 

915.80 

491. 

805. 

429.45 

833. 

445. 

861 

460.56 

888.80 

476 

916 

491.11 

806 

430 

834. 

445.56 

861.80 

461 

889 

476.11 

916.25 

491.25 

807. 

430.56 

834.80 

446 

862. 

461.11 

889.25 

476.25 

917 

491.67 

807.80 

431 

835. 

446.11 

862.25 

461.25 

890 

476.67 

917.60 

492 

808. 

431.11 

835.25 

446.25 

863 

461.67 

890.60 

477. 

918. 

492.23 

808.25 

431.25 

836 . 

446.67 

863.60 

462 

891 

477.23 

918.50 

492.50 

809. 

431.67 

836.60 

447 

864 

462.23 

891.50 

477.50 

919 

492.78 

809.60 

432 

837. 

447.23 

864.50 

462.50 

892. 

477.78 

919.40 

493. 

810. 

432.23 

837.50 

447.50 

865. 

462.78 

892.40 

478. 

920 

493.34 

810.50 

432.50 

838. 

447.78 

865.40 

463 

893 

478.34 

920.75 

493.75 

811. 

432.78 

838.40 

448. 

866 

463.34 

893.75 

478.75 

921 

493.89 

811.40 

433 

839 

448.34 

866.75 

463.75 

894 

478.89 

921.20 

494 

812. 

433.34 

839.75 

448.75 

867. 

463.89 

894.20 

479 

922 

494.45 

812.75 

433.75 

840. 

448.89 

867.20 

464 

895. 

479.45 

923. 

495. 

813. 

433.89 

840.20 

449 

868. 

464.45 

896 

480. 

924. 

495.56 

813.20 

434. 

841. 

449.45 

869 

465. 

897. 

480.56 

924.80 

4 


(Continued on next Page) 






















89 


p. 

C . 

F. 

C . 

P. 

C . 

P. 

c. 

P. 

Co 

925. 

496.11 

939.20 

504 

955. 

512.78 

970.251 

521.25 

985 

529.45 

925.25 

496.25 

940 

504.45 

955.40 

513 

971. 

521.67 

986 

530 

926. 

496.67 

941 

505 

956 

513.34 

971.60 

522 

987. 

530 . 

926.60 

497 

942 

505.56 

956.75 

513.75 

972 

522.23 

987.80 

531.56 

927 

497.23 

942.80 

506 

957 

513.89 

972.50 

522.50 

988. 

531.11 

927.50 

497.50 

943 

506.11 

957.20 

514 

973 

522.78 

988.25 

531.25 

928 

497.78 

943.25 

506.25 

958. 

514.45 

973.40 

523 

989 

531.67 

928.40 

498 

944 

506.27 

959 

515 

974 

523.34 

989.60 

532 

929 

498.34 

944.60 

507 

960 

515.56 

974.75 

523.75 

990 

532.23 

929.75 

498.75 

945 

507.23 

960.80 

510 

975 

523.89 

990.50 

532.50 

930 

498.89 

945.50 

507.50 

961 

516.11 

975.20 

524 

991 

532.78 

930.20 

499 

946 

507.78 

961.25 

516.25 

976. 

524.45 

991.40 

533. 

931. 

499.45 

946.40 

508 

962 

516.67 

977 

525 

992 

533.34 

932 

500 

947 

508.34 

962.60 

517 

978 

525.56 

992.75 

533.75 

933 

500.56 

947.75 

508.75 

963 

517.23 

978.80 

526 

993 

533.89 

933.80 

501. 

948 

508.89 

963.50 

517.50 

979 

526.11 

993.20 

534 

934. 

501.11 

948.20 

509 

964 

517.78 

979.25 

526.25 

994 

534.45 

934.25 

501.25 

949 

509.45 

964.40 

518 

980. 

526.67 

995. 

535 

935 

501.67 

950 

510 

965 

518.34 

980.60 

527. 

996 

535.56 

935.60 

502 

951 

510.56 

965.75 

518.75 

981 

527.23 

996.80 

536 

936 

502.23 

951.80 

511 

966 

518.89 

981.50 

527.50 

997 

536.11 

936.50 

502.50 

952 

511.11 

966.20 

519 

982. 

527.78 

997.25 

536.25 

937 

502.78 

952.25 

511.25 

967 

519.45 

982.40 

528. 

998. 

536.67 

937.40 

503 

953 

511.67 

968 

520. 

983 

528.34 

998.60 

537 

938 

503.34 

953.60 

512 

969 

520.56 

983.75 

528.75 

999 

537.23 

938.75 

503.75 

954 

512.23 

969.80 

521 

984 

528.89 

999.50 

537.50 

939 

503.89 

954.50 

512.50 

970. 

521.11 

984.20 

529 

000 . 

537.78 













0 

3 

6 

9 

13 

17 

21 

25 

30 

33 

37 

41 

45 

48 

52 

56 

61 

66 

72 

78 

85 

93 

102 

111 

121 

131 

142 

153 

165 

176 

188 

200 

212 

224 

236 

248 

261 

273 

286 

299 

313 

326 

339 

353 

367 

380 

394 

408 


Is . 

5 

10 

16 

22 

31 

40 

50 

60 

72 

84 

97 

110 

124 

138 

153 

168 

184 

200 

217 

234 

251 

269 

287 

306 

325 

344 

364 

384 

404 

425 

446 

467 

488 

510 

532 

555 

578 

601 

624 

648 

672 

696 

720 

745 

770 

795 

820 


00 


TANK CAR 

OUTAGE TABLE 


In . Gals . 

6000 

In . Gals . 

6600 

In . Gals . 

7000 

In . Gals . 

8000 

In . Gals . 

8400 

M 

4 

X 

4 

X 

4 

X 

5 

X 

5 

A 

8 

A 

8 

A 

8 

A 

10 

A 

9 

X 

12 

X 

13 

X 

13 

X 

15 

X 

14 

1 

17 

l 

18 

l 

18 

l 

20 

l 

18 

X 

23 

X 

23 

X 

25 

X 

27 

X 

27 

'A 

30 

A 

29 

A 

33 

A 

35 

A 

35 

X 

37 

X 

35 

X 

41 

X 

44 

X 

43 

2 

45 

2 

41 

2 

50 

2 

53 

2 

51 

X 

53 

X 

46 

X 

59 

X 

63 


62 

A 

62 

A 

52 

A 

69 

A 

73 

A. 

73 

X 

71 

X 

58 

X 

79 

X 

84 

X 

83 

3 

81 

3 

64 

3 

90 

3 

96 

3 

94 

X 

91 

X 

71 

X 

101 

X 

108 

X 

107 

A 

102 

A 

78 

A 

113 

A 

120 

A 

119 

X 

113 

X 

85 

X 

125 

X 

133 

X 

132 

4 

124 

4 

93 

4 

137 

4 

146 

4 

144 

X 

135 

X 

101 

X 

150 

X 

159 

X 

158 

A 

147 

A 

110 

A 

163 

A 

173 

A 

173 

X 

159 

X 

119 

X 

176 

X 

187 

X 

187 

5 

172 

5 

129 

5 

190 

5 

202 

5 

201 

X 

185 

X 

141 

X 

204 

X 

217 

X 

216 

A 

198 

A 

153 

A 

219 

A 

232 

A 

232 

X 

211 

X 

165 

X 

234 

X 

248 

X 

248 

6 

225 

6 

178 

6 

249 

6 

264 

6 

263 

X 

239 

X 

193 

X 

264 

X 

280 

X 

280 

A 

253 

A 

208 

A 

280 

A 

297 

A 

297 

X 

267 

X 

224 

X 

296 

X 

314 

X 

313 

7 

282 

7 

240 

7 

312 

7 

331 

7 

330 

X 

297 

X 

256 

X 

328 

X 

348 

X 

348 

A 

312 

A 

272 

A 

345 

A 

366 

A 

366 

X 

327 

X 

284 

X 

362 

X 

384 

X 

384 

8 

343 

8 

306 

8 

379 

8 

402 

8 

402 

X 

358 

X 

323 

X 

396 

X 

420 

X 

421 

A 

390 

A 

340 

A 

414 

A 

439 

A 

440 

X 

407 

X 

358 

X 

432 

X 

458 

X 

459 

9 

423 

9 

376 

9 

450 

9 

477 

9 

478 

X 

440 

X 

394 


468 

X 

496 

X 

498 

A 

457 

A 

412 

X A 

487 

A 

516 

A 

518 

X 

475 

X 

430 

X 

506 

X 

536 

X 

538 

10 

492 

10 

449 

10 

525 

10 

556 

10 

558 

X 

509 

X 

467 

X 

544 

X 

576 

X 

578 

A 

527 

A 

486 

A 

563 

A 

596 

A 

599 

X 

545 

X 

505 

X 

583 

X 

618 

X 

620 

li 

563 

n 

525 

li 

603 

n 

639 

n 

641 

A 

581 

X 

544 


623 

X 

660 

X 

662 

A 

599 

A 

564 

A 

643 

A 

681 

A 

684 

% 

618 

X 

584 

X 

663 

X 

703 

X 

706 


















10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

.49 


91 


SIFIC GRAVITY CORRESPONDING 

TO DEGREES BEAUME AT*£ F. (ifUC.) 
(FORMULA: S. G. = 


Tenths of Degrees 


o 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

1 .0000 

.9993 

.9986 

.9979 

.9972 

.9965 

.9958 

.9951 

.9944 

.9937 

.9930 

.9923 

.9916 

.9909 

.9902 

.9895 

.9888 

.9881 

.9874 

.9868 

.9861 

.9854 

.9847 

.9840 

.9833 

.9826 

.9820 

.9813 

.9806 

.9799 

.9792 

.9786 

.9779 

.9772 

.9765 

.9759 

.9752 

.9745 

.9738 

.9732 

.9725 

.9718 

.9712 

.9705 

.9698 

.9692 

.9685 

.9679 

.9672 

.9665 

.9659 

.9652 

.9646 

.9639 

.9632 

.9626 

.9619 

.9613 

.9606 

.9600 

.9593 

.9587 

.9580 

.9574 

.9567 

.9561 

.9554 

.9548 

.9542 

.9535 

.9529 

.9522 

.9516 

.9509 

.9503 

.9497 

.9490 

.9484 

.9478 

.9471 

.9465 

.9459 

.9452 

.9446 

.9440 

.9433 

.9427 

.9421 

.9415 

.9408 

.9402 

.9396 

.9390 

.9383 

.9377 

.9371 

.9365 

.9359 

.9352 

.9348 

.9340 

.9334 

.9328 

.9322 

.9315 

.9309 

.9303 

.9297 

.9291 

.9285 

.9279 

.9273 

.9267 

.9260 

.9254 

.9248 

.9242 

.9236 

.9230 

.9224 

.9218 

.9212 

.9206 

.9200 

.9194 

.9188 

.9182 

.9176 

.9170 

.9165 

.9159 

.9153 

.9147 

.9141 

.9135 

.9129 

.9123 

.9117 

.9111 

.9106 

.9100 

.9094 

.9088 

.9082 

.9076 

o 9 Q 71 

.9055 

.9059 

.9053 

.9047 

.9042 

.9036 

.9030 

.9024 

.9018 

.9013 

.9007 

.9001 

.8996 

.8990 

.8984 

.8978 

.8973 

.8967 

.8961 

.8956 

.8950 

.8944 

.8939 

.8933 

.8927 

.8922 

.8916 

.8911 

.8905 

.8899 

.8894 

.8888 

.8883 

.8877 

.8871 

.8866 

.8860 

.8855 

.8849 

.8844 

.8838 

.8833 

.8827 

.8822 

.8816 

.8811 

.8805 

.8800 

.8794 

.8789 

.8783 

.8778 

.8772 

.8767 

.8762 

.0756 

.8751 

.8745 

.8740 

.8735 

.8729 

.8724 

.8718 

.8713 

.8708 

.8702 

.8697 

.8692 

.8686 

.8681 

.8576 

.8670 

.8665 

.8660 

.8654 

.8649 

.8644 

.8639 

.8633 

.8628 

.8523 

.8618 

.8612 

.8607 

.8602 

.8597 

.8591 

.8586 

.8581 

.8576 

.8571 

.8565 

.8560 

.8555 

.8550 

.8545 

.8540 

.8534 

.8529 

.8524 

.8519 

.8514 

.8509 

.8504 

.8498 

.8493 

.8488 

.8483 

.8478 

.8473 

.8468 

.8463 

.8458 

.8453 

.8448 

.8443 

.8438 

.8433 

.8428 

.8423 

.8418 

.8413 

.8408 

.8403 

.8398 

.8393 

.8388 

.8383 

.8378 

.8373 

.8368 

.8363 

.8358 

.8353 

.8348 

.8343 

.8338 

.8333 

.8328 

.8324 

.8319 

.8314 

.8309 

.8304 

.8299 

.8294 

.8289 

.8285 

.8280 

.8275 

.8270 

.8265 

.8260 

.8256 

.8251 

.8246 

.8241 

.8236 

.8232 

.8227 

.8222 

.8217 

.8212 

.8208 

.8203 

.8198 

.8193 

.8189 

.8184 

.8179 

.8174 

.8170 

.8165 

.8160 

.8156 

.8151 

.8146 

.8142 

.8137 

.8132 

.8128 

.8123 

.8118 

.8114 

.8109 

.8104 

.8100 

.8095 

.8090 

.8086 

.8081 

.8076 

.8072 

.8067 

.8063 

.8058 

.8053 

.8049 

.8044 

.8040 

.8035 

.8031 

.8026 

.8022 

.8017 

.8012 

.8008 

.8003 

.7999 

.7994 

.7990 

.7985 

.7981 

.7976 

.7972 

.7967 

.7963 

.7958 

.7954 

.7949 

.7945 

.7941 

.7936 

.7932 

.7927 

.7923 

.7918 

.7914 

.7909 

.7905 

.7901 

• 78 SC 

.7892 

.7887 

.7883 

.7879 

.7874 

.7870 

.7865 

.7861 

.7857 

.7852 

.7848 

.7844 

.7839 

.7835 

.73311 

.7826 

.7822 

.7318 

.7813 

.7809 

.7805 

.7800 


(Continued on next Page) 





























92 


Degrees ! Tenths of Degrees 


Beaume 

| ° 

1 

1 2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

50 

.7796 

.7792 

.7788 

.7783 

.7779 

.7775 

.7770 

.7766 

.7762 

.7758 

51 

.7753 

.7749 

.7745 

.7741 

.7736 

.7732 

.7728 

.7724 

.7720 

.7715 

52 

.7711 

.7707 

.7703 

.7699 

.7694 

.7690 

.7686 

.7682 

.7678 

.7674 

53 

.7669 

.7665 

.7661 

.7657 

.7653 

.7649 

.7645 

.7640 

.7636 

.7632 

54 

.7628 

.7624 

.7620 

.7616 

.7612 

.7608 

.7603 

.7599 

.7595 

.7591 

55 

.7587 

.7583 

.7579 

.7575 

.7571 

.7567 

.7563 

.7559 

.7555 

.7551 

56 

.7547 

.7543 

.7539 

.7535 

.7531 

.7527 

.7523 

.7519 

.7515 

.7511 

57 

.7507 

.7503 

.7499 

.7495 

.7491 

.7487 

.7483 

.7479 

.7475 

.7471 

58 

.7467 

.7463 

.7459 

.7455 

.7451 

.7447 

.7443 

.7440 

.7436 

.7432 

59 

.7428 

.7424 

.7420 

.7416 

.7412 

.7408 

.7405 

.7401 

.7397 

.7393 

eo 

.7389 

.7385 

.7381 

.7377 

.7374 

.7370 

.7366 

.7362 

.7358 

.7354 

€1 

.7351 

.7347 

.7343 

.7339 

.7335 

.7332 

.7328 

.7324 

.7320 

.7316 

62 

.7313 

.7309 

.7305 

.7301 

.7298 

.7294 

.7290 

.7286 

.7283 

.7279 

63 

.7275 

.7271 

.7268 

.7264 

.7260 

.7256 

.7253 

.7249 

.7245 

.7242 

64 

.7238 

.7234 

.7230 

.7227 

.7223 

.7219 

.7216 

.7212 

.7208 

.7205 

65 

.7201 

.7197 

.7194 

.7190 

.7186 

.7183 

.7179 

.7175 

.7172 

.7168 

66 

.7165 

.7161 

.7157 

.7154 

.7150 

.7146 

.7143 

.7139 

.7136 

.7132 

67 

.7128 

.7125 

.7121 

.7118 

.7114 

.7111 

.7107 

.7103 

.7100 

.7096 

68 

.7093 

.7089 

.7086 

.7082 

.7079 

.7075 

.7071 

.7068 

.7064 

.7061 

69 

.7057 

.7054 

.7050 

.7047 

.7043 

.7040 

.7036 

.7033 

.7029 

.7026 

70 

.7022 

.7019 

.7015 

.7012 

.7008 

.7005 

.7001 

.6998 

.6995 

.6991 

71 

.6988 

.6984 

.6981 

.6977 

.6974 

.6970 

.6967 

.6964 

.6960 

.6957 

72 

.6953 

.6950 

.6946 

.6943 

.6940 

.6936 

.6933 

.6929 

.6926 

.6923 

73 

.6919 

.6916 

.6912 

.6909 

.6906 

.6902 

.6899 

.6896 

.6892 

.6889 

74 

.6886 

.6882 

.6879 

.6876 

.6872 

.6869 

.6866 

.6862 

.6859 

.6856 

75 

.6852 

.6849 

.6846 

.6842 

.6839 

.6836 

.6832 

.6829 

.6826 

.6823 

76 

.6819 

.6816 

.6813 

.6309 

.6806 

.6803 

.6800 

.6796 

.6793 

.6790 

77 

.6787 

.6783 

.6780 

.6777 

.6774 

.6770 

.6767 

.6764 

.6761 

.6757 

78 

.6754 

.6751 

.6748 

.6745 

.6741 

.6738 

.6735 

.6732 

.6728 

.6725 

79 

.6722 

.6719 

.6716 

.6713 

.6709 

.6706 

.6703 

.6700 

.6697 

.6693 

80 

.6690 

.6687 

.6684 

.6681 

.6678 

.6675 

.6671 

.6668 

.6665 

.6662 

61 

.6659 

.6656 

.6653 

.6649 

.6646 

.6643 

.6640 

.6637 

.6634 

.6631 

62 

.6628 

.6625 

.6621 

.6618 

.6615 

.6612 

.6609 

.6606 

.6603 

.6600 

83 

.6597 

.6594 

.6591 

.6588 

.6584 

.6581 

.6578 

.6575 

.6572 

.6569 

84 

.6566 

.6563 

.6560 

.6557 

.6554 

.6551 

.6548 

.6545 

.6542 

.6539 

65 

.6536 

.6533 

.6530 

.6527 

.6524 

.6521 

.6518 

.6515 

.6512 

.6509 

86 

.6506 

.6503 

.6500 

.6497 

.6494 

.6491 

.6488 

.6485 

.6482 

.6479 

87 

.6476 

.6473 

.6470 

.6467 

.6464 

.6461 

.6458 

.6455 

.6452 

.6449 

88 

.6446 

.6444 

.6441 

.6438 

.6435 

.6432 

.6429 

.6426 

.6423 

.6420 

89 

.6417 

•6414 

.6411 

.6409 

.6406 

.6403 

.6400 

.6397 

.6394 

.6391 

90 

.6388 

.6385 

.6382 

.6380 

.6377 

.6374 

.6371 

.6368 

.6365 

.6362 

91 

.6360 

.6357 

.6354 

.6351 

.6348 

.6345 

.6342 

.6340 

.6337 

.6334 

92 

.6331 

.6328 

.6325 

.6323 

.6320 

.6317 

.6314 

.6311 

.6309 

.6306 

93 

.6303 

.6300 

.6297 

.6294 

.6292 

.6289 

.6286 

.6283 

.6281 

.6278 

94 

.6275 

.6272 

.6269 

.6267 

.6264 

.6261 

.6258 

.6256 

.6253 

.6250 

95 

.6247 

.6244 

.6242 

.6239 

.6236 

.6233 

.6231 

.6228 

.6225 

.6223 

96 

.6220 

.6217 

.6214 

.6212 

.6209 

.6206 

.6203 

.6201 

.6198 

.6195 

97 

.6193 

.6190 

.6187 

.6184 

.6182 

.6179 

.6176 

.6174 

.6171 

.6168 

98 

.6166 

.6163 

.6160 

.6158 

.6155 

.6152 

.6150 

.6147 

.6144 

.6141 

99 

.6139 

.6136 

.6134 

.6131 

.6128 

.6126 

.6123 

• 

.6120 

.6118 

.6115 


Reprinted by permission of Mr. C. J. Tagliabue 





























10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

38 

34 

35 

36 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 


93 


EQUI VALENT LBS. PER GAL. 

TO DEGREES BEAUME 

AT 60 ° F. 


Tenths of Degrees 


o 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

8.331 

8.325 

8.319 

8.314 

8.308 

8.302 

8.296 

8.290 

8.284 

8.279 

8.273 

8.267 

8.261 

8.255 

8.249 

8.244 

8.238 

8.232 

8.226 

8.221 

8.215 

8.209 

8.204 

8.198 

8.192 

8.186 

8.181 

8.175 

8.169 

8.164 

8.158 

8.153 

8.147 

8.141 

8.135 

8.130 

8.124 

8.119 

8.113 

8.108 

8.102 

8.096 

8.091 

8.085 

8.079 

8.074 

8.069 

8.064 

8.058 

8.052 

8.047 

8.041 

8.036 

8.030 

8.024 

8.019 

8.014 

8.009 

8.003 

7.998 

7.992 

7.987 

7.981 

7.976 

7.970 

7.965 

7.959 

7.954 

7.949 

7.944 

7.939 

i 7.933 

7.928 

7.922 

7.917 

7.912 

7.906 

7.901 

7.896 

7.890 

7.885 

7.880 

7.874 

7.869 

7.864 

7.859 

7.854 

7.849 

7.844 

7.838 

7.833 

7.828 

7.823 

7.817 

7.812 

7.807 

7.802 

7.797 

7.791 

7.786 

7.781 

7.776 

7.771 

7.766 

7.760 

7.755 

7.750 

7.745 

7.740 

7.735 

7.730 

7.725 

7.720 

7.715 

7.710 

7.705 

7.700 

7.695 

7.690 

7.685 

7.680 

7.675 

7.670 

7.665 

7.660 

7.655 

7.650 

7.645 

7.640 

7.635 

7.630 

7.625 

7.620 

7.615 

7.610 

7.605 

7.600 

7.595 

7,590 

7.586 

7.581 

7.576 

7.571 

7.566 

7.561 

7.557 

7.552 

7.547 

7.542 

7.537 

7.533 

7.528 

7.523 

7.518 

7.513 

7.509 

7.504 

7.499 

7.495 

7.490 

7.485 

7.480 

7.475 

7.471 

7.465 

7.461 

7.456 

7.451 

7.447 

7.442 

7.437 

7.433 

7.428 

7.424 

7.419 

7.414 

7.410 

7.405 

7.400 

7.395 

7.390 

7.386 

7.381 

7.377 

7.372 

7.368 

7.363 

7.359 

7.354 

7.350 

7.345 

7.340 

7.335 

7.331 

7.326 

7.322 

7.318 

7.313 

7.308 

7.304 

7.300 

7.295 

7.290 

7.285 

7.281 

7.277 

7.272 

7.268 

7.263 

7.259 

7.255 

7.250 

7.245 

7.241 

7.236 

7.232 

7.228 

7.223 

7.219 

7.215 

7.210 

7.205 

7.201 

7.197 

7.192 

7.188 

7.184 

7.180 

7.175 

7.170 

7.166 

7.162 

7.157 

7.153 

7.149 

7.145 

7.141 

7.136 

7.131 

7.127 

7.123 

7.119 

7.115 

7.110 

7.106 

7.101 

7.097 

7.093 

7.089 

7.085 

7.080 

7.076 

7.071 

7.067 

7.063 

7.059 

7.055 

7.051 

7.046 

7.042 

7.038 

7.034 

7.030 

7.026 

7.021 

7.017 

7.013 

7.009 

7.005 

7.001 

6.996 

6.992 

6.988 

6.984 

6.980 

6.976 

6.971 

6.967 

6.963 

6.959 

6.955 

6.951 

6.946 

6.942 

6.938 

6.935 

6.931 

6.926 

6.922 

6.918 

6.914 

6.910 

6.906 

6.902 

6.898 

6.894 

6.890 

6.886 

6.881 

6.878 

6.874 

6.870 

6.866 

6.861 

6.858 

6.854 

6.850 

6.846 

6.841 

6.838 

6.834 

6.830 

6.826 

6.822 

6.818 

6.814 

6.810 

6.806 

6.802 

6.798 

6.795 

6.791 

6.786 

6.783 

6.779 

6.775 

6.771 

6.767 

6.763 

6.760 

6.756 

6.751 

6.748 

6.744 

6.740 

6.736 

6.732 

6.728 

6.725 

6.721 

6.717 

6.713 

6.709 

6.706 

6.701 

6.698 

6.694 

6.691 

6.686 

6.683 

6.679 

6.675 

6.671 

6.667 

6.664 

6.660 

6.656 

6.652 

6.649 

6.645 

6.641 

6.637 

6.634 

6.630 

6.626 

6.623 

6.619 

6.616 

6.611 

6.608 

6.604 

6.601 

6.596 

6.593 

6.589 

6.586 

6.582 

6.578 

6.575 

6.571 

6.567 

6.564 

6.560 

6.556 

6.552 

6.549 

6.546 

6.542 

6.538 

6.535 

6.531 

6.527 

6.524 

6.520 

6.517 

6.513 

6.509 

6.506 

6.502 

6.498 


(Continued on next Page) 


























94 


Degrees 



T 

e n t h s o 

£ Degrees 



Beaume 

O 

« 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

50 

6.495 

6.492 

6.488 

6.484 

6.431 

6.477 

6.473 

6.470 

6.467 

6.463 

51 

6.459 

6.456 

6.452 

6.449 

6.445 

6.442 

6.438 

6.435 

6.432 

6.427 

52 

6.424 

6.421 

6.417 

6.414 

6.410 

6.407 

6.403 

6.400 

6.397 

6.393 

53 

6.389 

6.386 

6.382 

6.379 

6.376 

6.372 

6.369 

6.365 

'6.362 

6.358 

54 

6.355 

6.352 

6.348 

6.345 

6.342 

6.338 

6.334 

6.331 

6.327 

6.324 

55 

6.321 

6.317 

6.314 

6.311 

6.307 

6.304 

6.301 

6.297 

6.294 

6.291 

56 

6.287 

6.284 

6.281 

6.277 

6.274 

6.271 

6.267 

6.264 

6.261 

6.257 

57 

6.254 

6.251 

6.247 

6.244 

6.241 

6.237 

6.234 

6.231 

6.227 

6.224 

58 

6.221 

6.217 

6.214 

6.211 

6.207 

6.204 

6.201 

6.198 

6.195 

6.191 

'59 

6.188 

6.185 

6.182 

6.178 

6.175 

6.172 

6.169 

6.166 

6.162 

6.159 

60 

6.156 

6.152 

6.149 

6.146 

6.143 

6.140 

6.137 

6.133 

6.130 

6.127 

61 

6.124 

6.121 

6.117 

6.114 

6.111 

6.108 

6.105 

6.102 

6.098 

6.095 

62 

6.092 

6.089 

6.086 

6.032 

6.080 

6.077 

6.073 

6.070 

6.067 

6.064 

63 

6.061 

6.057 

6.055 

6.052 

6.048 

6.045 

6.042 

6.039 

6.036 

6.033 

64 

6.030 

6.027 

6.023 

6.021 

6.017 

6.014 

6.012 

6.008 

6.005 

6.002 

65 

5.999 

5.996 

5.993 

5.990 

5.987 

5.934 

5.981 

5.977 

5.975 

5.972 

66 

5.969 

5.966 

5.962 

5.960 

5.957 

5.953 

5.951 

5.948 

5.945 

5.942 

67 

5.938 

5.936 

5.933 

5.930 

5.927 

5.924 

5.921 

5.918 

5.915 

5.912 

68 

5.909 

5.906 

5.903 

5.900 

5.898 

5.894 

5.891 

5.888 

5.885 

5.883 

69 

5.879 

5.877 

5.873 

5.871 

5.868 

5.865 

5.862 

5.859 

5.856 

5.853 

70 

5.850 

5.848 

5.844 

5.842 

5.838 

5.836 

5.833 

5.830 

5.828 

5.824 

'71 

5.822 

5.818 

5.816 

5.813 

5.810 

5.807 

5.804 

5.802 

5.798 

5.796 

72 

5.793 

5.790 

5.787 

5.784 

5.782 

5.778 

5.776 

5.773 

5.770 

5.768 

73 

5.764 

5.762 

5.758 

5.756 

5.753 

5.750 

5.748 

5.745 

5.742 

5.739 

74 

5.737 

5.733 

5.731 

5.728 

5.725 

5.723 

5.720 

5.717 

4.714 

5.712 

75 

5.708 

5.706 

5.703 

5.700 

5.698 

5.695 

5.692 

5.689 

5.687 

5.684 

76 

5.681 

5.678 

5.676 

5.673 

5.670 

5.668 

5.665 

5.662 

5.659 

5.657 

77 

5.654 

5.651 

5.648 

5.646 

5.643 

5.640 

5.638 

5.635 

5.633 

5.629 

78 

5.627 

5.624 

5.622 

5.619 

5.616 

5.613 

5.611 

5.608 

5.605 

5.603 

79 

5.600 

5.597 

5.595 

5.593 

5.589 

5.587 

5.584 

5.582 

5.579 

5.576 

80 

5.573 

5.571 

5.568 

5.566 

5.563 

5.561 

5.558 

5.555 

5.553 

5.550 

81 

5.548 

5.545 

5.543 

5.540 

5.537 

5.534 

5.532 

5.529 

5.527 

5.524 

82 

5.522 

5.519 

5.516 

5.513 

5.511 

5.508 

5.506 

5.503 

5.501 

5.498 

83 

5.496 

5.493 

5.491 

5.488 

5.485 

5.483 

5.480 

5.478 

5.475 

5.473 

84 

5.470 

5.468 

5.465 

5.463 

5.460 

5.458 

5.455 

5.453 

5.450 

5.448 

85 

5.445 

5.443 

5.440 

5.438 

5.435 

5.433 

5.430 

5.428 

5.425 

5.423 

86 

5.420 

5.418 

5.415 

5.413 

5.410 

5.408 

5.405 

5.403 

5.400 

5.398 

87 

5.395 

5.393 

5.390 

5.388 

5.385 

5.383 

5.380 

5.378 

5.375 

5.373 

88 

5.370 

5.368 

5.366 

5.363 

5.361 

5.358 

5.356 

5.353 

5.351 

5.349 

89 

5.346 

5.344 

5.341 

5.339 

5.337 

5.334 

5.332 

5.329 

5.327 

5.324 

60 

5.322 

5.319 

5.317 

5.315 

5.313 

5.310 

5.308 

5.305 

5.303 

5.300 

91 

5.299 

5.296 

5.294 

5.291 

5.289 

5.286 

5.284 

5.282 

5.279 

5.277 

92 

5.274 

5.272 

5.269 

5.268 

5.265 

5.263 

5.260 

5.258 

5.256 

5.254 

93 

5.251 

5.249 

5.246 

5.244 

5.242 

5.239 

5.237 

5.234 

5.233 

5.230 

94 

5.228 

5.225 

5.223 

5.221 

5.219 

5.216 

5.214 

5.212 

5.209 

5.207 

95 

5.204 

5.202 

5.200 

5.198 

5.195 

5.193 

5.191 

5.189 

5.186 

5.184 

96 

5.182 

5.179 

5.177 

5.175 

5.173 

5.170 

5.168 

5.166 

5.164 

5.161 

97 

5.159 

5.157 

5.154 

5.152 

5.150 

5.148 

5.145 

5.144 

5.141 

5.139 

98 

5.137 

5.134 

5.132 

5.130 

5.128 

5.125 

5.124 

5.121 

5.119 

5.116 

99 

5.114 

5.112 

5.110 

5.108 

5.105 

5.104 

5.101 

5.099 

5.097 

5.094 


Reprinted by permission of Mr. C. J. Tagliabue 




























95 


COMPARATIVE SCALES 

-* 

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 

AND 

BEAUME HEAVY 

AT 60 ° F. 


Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

| Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

| Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

| Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

0 . 

1.0000’? 

14.37” 

l.iioo 

f . 2 6.63| 

PI .2250 

38. 

1.3551 

0.72 

1.0050 

14.96 

1.1150” 

27. 

S 1.2288 P 

38.38 

V 1.3600 

1." 

1.0069 



27.11 

1.2300 

38.77 

1.3650 

1.44 

1.0100 

15. 

1.1154 

27.59 

1.2350 P 

39. 

1.36791 

2. 

1.0140 

15.54 

1.1200 

28. 

1.2393 

39.16 

1.3700 

2.14 

1.0150 

16. 

1.1240 

28.06 

1.2400” 

39.55 

1.3750 ^ 

2.84 

1.0200 

16.11 

1.1250 

28.53 

1.2450| 

39.93 

|1.3800 

3. 

1.0211 

16.68 

1.1300 

29. 

1.2500 



3.54 

1.0250 

17. 

1.1328 

29.46 

1.2550’ 

40. 

1.3810 

4. 

1.0284 

17.25 

1.1350 

29.92 

1.2600' 

40.31 

1.3850 

4.22 

1.0300 

17.81 

1.1400 



40.68 

1.3900 

4.90 

1.0350 

18. 

1.1417 

30. 

1.2609 

41. 

1.3942 



18.36 

1.1450 

30.38 

1.2650 

41.06 

1.3950 

5. 

1.0357 

18.91 

1.1500 

30.83 

1.2700 

41.43 

1.4000 

5.58 

1.0400 

19. 

1.1508 

31. 

1.2719 

41.80 

1.4050 

6. 

1.0432 

19.46 

1.1550 

31.27 

1.2750 

42. 

1.4078 

6.24 

1.0450 



31.72 

1.2800 

42.16 

1.4100 

6.90 

1.0500 

20. 

1.1600 

32. 

1.2832 

42.53 

1.4150 

7. 

1.0507 

20.54 

1.1650 

32.16 

1.2850 

42.89 

1.4200 

7.56 

1.0550 

21. 

1.1694 

32.60 

1.2900 

43. 

1.4216 

8. 

1.0584 

21.07 

1.1700 

33. 

1.2946 

43 24 

1.4250 

8.21 

1.0600 

21.60 

1.1750 

33.03 

1.2950 

43.60 

1.4300 

8.85 

1.0650 

22. 

1.1789 

33.46 

1.3000 

43.95 

1.4350 

9. 

1.0662 

22.12 

1.1800 

33.89 

1.3050 

44. 

1.4356 

9.49 

1.0700 

22.64 

1.1850 

34. 

1.3063 

44.30 

1.4400 



23. 

1.1885' 

34.31 

1.3100 

44.65 

1.4450 

10. 

1.0741 

23.15 

1.1900 

34.73 

1.3150 



10.12 

1.0750 

23.66 

1.1950 



45. 

1.4500 

10.74 

1.0800 

24. 

1.1983 

35. 

1.3182 

45.34 

1.4550 

11. 

1.0821 

24.17 

1.2000 

35.15 

1.3200 

45.68 

1.4600 

11.36 

1.0850 

24.67 

1.2050 

35.57 

1.3250 

46. 

1.4646 

11.97 

1.0900 



35.98 

1.3300 

46.02 

1.4650 

12. 

1.0902 

25. 

1.2083 

36. 

1.3303 

46.36 

1.4700 

12.58 

1.0950 

25.17 

1.2100 

36.38 

1.3350 

46.69 

1.4750 

13. 

1.0985 

25.66 

1.2150 

36.79 

1.3400 

47. 

1.4796 

13.18 

1.1000 



37. 

1.3426 

47.03 

1.4800 

13.78 

1.1050 

26. 

1.2185 

37.19 

1.3450 

47.36 

1.4850 

14. 

1.1069 

26.15 

1.2200 

37.59 

1.3500 

47.68 

1.4900 


(Continued on next Page) 




























96 


Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

1 Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

Beaume 

Specific 

Gravity 

48 . 

1.4948 

1 

54.38 

1.6000 

1 

60.20 

1.7100 

1 

65.77 


1.8300 

48.01 

1.4950 

54.66 

1.6050 

60.45 

1.7150 

65.98 

1.8350 

48.33 

1.5000 

54.94 

1.6100 

60.70 

1.7200 

66 . 

1.8354 

48.65 

1.5050 



60.94 

1.7250 

66.20 

1.8400 

48.97 

1.5100 

55 . 

1.6111 

61 . 

1.7262 

66.41 

1.8450 

49 . 

1.5104 

55.22 

1.6150 

61.18 

1.7300 

66.62 

1.8500 

49.29 

1.5150 

55.49 

1.6200 

61.43 

1.7350 

66.83 

1.8550 

49.61 

1.5200 

55.77 

1.6250 

61.67 

1.7400 

67 . 

1.8589 

49.92 

1.5250 

56 . 

1.6292 

61.91 

1.7450 

67.04 

1.8600 



56.04 

1.6300 

62 . 

1.7470 

67.25 

1.8650 

50 . 

1.5263 

56.31 

1.6350 

62.14 

1.7500 

67.46 

1.8700 

50.23 

1.5300 

56 . r 9 

1.6400 

62.38 

1.7550 

67.67 

1.8750 

50.54 

1.5350 

56.85 

1.6450 

62.61 

1.7600 

67.87 

1.8800 

50.84 

1.5400 

57 . 

1.6477 

62.85 

1.7650 

68 . 

1.8831 

51 . 

1.5426 

57.12 

1.6500 

63 . 

1.7683 

68.08 

1.8850 

51.15 

1.5450 

57.38 

1.6550 

63.08 

1.7700 

68.28 

1.8900 

51.45 

1.5500 

57.65 

1.6600 

63.31 

1.7750 

68.48 

1.8950 

51.75 

1.5550 

57.91 

1.6650 

63.54 

1.7800 

68.68 

1.9000 

52 . 

1.5591 

58 . 

1.6667 

63.77 

1.7850 

68.88 

1.9050 

52.05 

1.5600 

58.17 

1.6700 

64 . 

1.7901 

69 . 

1.9079 

52.35 

1.5650 

58.43 

1.6750 

64.22 

1.7950 

69.08 

1.9100 

52.64 

1.5700 

58.69 

1.6800 

64.45 

1.8000 

69.28 

1.9150 

52.94 

1.5750 

58.95 

1.6850 

64.67 

1.8050 

69.48 

1.9200 

53 . 

1.5761 

59 . 

1.6860 

64.89 

1.8100 

69.68 

1.9250 

53.23 

1.5800 

59.20 

1.6900 



69.87 

1.9300 

53.52 

1.5850 

59.45 

1.6950 

65 . 

1.8125 

70 . 

1.9333 

53.81 

1.5900 

59.71 

1.7000 

65.11 

1.8150 



54 . 

1.5934 

59.96 

1.7050 

65.33 

1.8200 



54.09 

1.5950 

60 . 

1.7059 

65.55 

1.8250 




Reprinted by permission of Mr. C. J. Tagliabue 



















97 


INDEX 


Contents 

Abel Pensky Closed Tester for Light Oils. 

Acid Heat Test for Gasoline. 

Acid Test . 

Alkali Tests . 

Ash Tests . 

Asphalt Ball and Ring Method .... 

Asphalt Ductility Test . 

Asphalt Evaporation Test . 

Asphalt Float Test .. 

Asphalt Melting Point Test. 

Asphalt Penetration Test ... 

Asphalt Saturation Test.. 

Baking Test for Road Oils. 

B. S. and Water Tests for Crude Oils. ... 

Beaume Light and Pounds Per Gallon Table.... 

Bitumen Soluble in Carbon Bisulphide.... 

Carbon Test (Conradson) . 

Cloud Test . 

Cleveland Open Cup . 

Cold Test ... 

Color Lubricating Oils (Lovibond) . 

Color Lubricating Oils (Union) . 

Color Refined Oils (Saybolt). 

Color Refined Oils (Lovibond). 

Conversion Tables for Weights and Measures 

Centrigrade and Fahrenheit Equivalents. 

Corrosion and Gumming Test for Gasoline. 

Crude Oil Distillation (steam) . 

Crude Oil Dry Distillation Method . 

Degras . 

Directions for Using the Hydrometer ... 

Distillation Test for Gasoline and Naptha. 

Distillation Test (Steam) Crude Oils. 

Distillation Test (Short Method) Crude Oils.... 

Doctor Test on Light Oils for Sulphur. 

Engler Viscosimeter. 

Emulsions Tests . 


Page No. 

. 18 

. 64 

. 49 

. 49 

. 51 

. 74 

. 75 

. 68 

. 75 

. 73 

. 66 

. 66 

. 67 

... 80 

. 93 

. 69 

. 56 

. 21 

. 11 

. 21 

. 30 

. 31 

. 32 

. 35 

. 81 

. 82-89 

. 53 

. 41 

. 43 

. 79 

. 5 

. 36 

. 41 

. 43 

. 52 

. 29 

. 45 


(Continued on Next Page) 







































98 


INDEX—CONTINUED 

Contents Page No. 

Emulsion Test (New York Lub. Co.). 46 

Emulsion Test (Gov. Method). 46 

Emulsion Test (U. S. B. S. Method).... 46 

Emulsion Test (A. S. T. M. Method).. 48 

Evaporation Test for Naphtha. 54 

Evaporation Test for Naphtha and Turpentine Subs. 55 

Evaporation Test for Asphalt. 68 

Fatty Oils . 50 

Flash and Fire Point Open Cup (Heavy Oils).'ll 

Flash and Fire Point Open Cup (Light Oils). 13 

Flash Point TAG Closed Tester for Light Oils. 14 

Flash and Fire Point Abel Pensky Closed Cup for Light Oils.. 18 
Flash and Fire Point Pensky Marten Closed Cup for Heavy 

Oils .18-20 

Floe Tests . 44 

Fullers Earth Analysis ..-. 77 

Gravity of Petroleum Oils. 3 

Gasoline Distillation Test . 36 

Gasoline and Naphtha Distillation Method No. 2.. 40 

Heat Test . 45 

Heat Sludging Test for Transformer Oils.. 45 

Hubbard Picnometer . 9 

Hydrometer Directions . 5 

Lamp Burning Test (Kerosene).. 76 

Lamp Burning Test (Long Time Burning Oils). 77 

Lamp Burning Test for Signal Oil. 77 

Lovibond Tintometers, Lub. Oils. 30 

Lovibond Tintometers, Light Oils. 35 

Melting Points Paraffin . 58 

Melting Points of Asphaltums. 73 

Olefin Hydrocarbons in Straw Oil... . 65 

Outage Table for Tank Cars. 90 

Picnometers Hubbard . 9 

Paraffin Content of Crude Oils... 61 

Paraffin Content of Petroleum Residues... 62 

Paraffin Wax Test (Holde Method). 63 

Pensky-Martens Closed Cup for Heavy Oils.18-20 

Petrolenes .;. 70 


(Continued on Next Page) 






































99 


INDEX—CONTINUED 

Contents Page No. 

Pounds per Gallon Table. 93 

Refined Oil Viscometer . 27 

Refined Oil Chromometers (Saybolt)... 32 

Refining Loss of Petroleum Products ...... 66 

Road Oil Baking Test ..... 67 

Road Oil Volatilization Test..... 67 

Saybolt Universal Chromometer... 32 

Saybolt Standard Universal Viscosimeter. 23 

Saybolt “A” Viscosimeter . 26 

Saybolt Thermo-Viscometer . 27 

Saybolt Wax Melting Point Tester... 58 

Slop Test . 45 

Sixteen Drop Test for Turpentine Substitutes. 55 

Specific Gravity Changes with Temperature. 7 

Specific Gravity and Beaume Light Equivalent Tables.91-92 

Specific Gravity and Beaume Heavy Equivalent Tables.. 95-96 

Sulphur Test (Robinson Method). 51 

Sulphur Test (Oxygen Calorimeter Bomb). 52 

Sulphur Test (Doctor Test)... 52 

Sulphuric Acid Absorption of Transformer Oils... 66 

Tagliabue Open Cup Tester. 13 

Tagliabue Closed Cup Tester ... 14 

Tank Car Outage Tables ... 90 

Tar Tests for Cylinder Oils. 79 

Tintometer (Lovibond) . 30 

Unsaturation Test for Gasoline. 64 

Union Colorimeter . 31 

Viscosity (General Remarks) . 22 

Viscosimeter Saybolt Standard Universal... 23 

Viscosimeter Saybolt “A” . . 26 

Viscometer Saybolt Refined Oils... 27 

Viscosimeter Engler . 29 

Volatization Test for Road Oils. 67 

Wax Melting Point Test . 58 

Wax Moisture Content Test. 60 

Wax Percentage of Oil Test. 60 

Water Tests for Oils. 79-80 












































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